1. AFRICA

2. Africa Today

3. How Big is Africa?

4. I. Early Africa A. Earliest Civilization 1. 7 million years ago, 1 st people 2. Originated in southeast Africa (Hadar, Ethiopia, Lake Turkana, Kenya & Laetoli, Tanzania) 3. Moved north, northeast, northwest “Out of Africa”

5. I. Early Africa

8. 4. Discovered/created fire 5. Hunters & Gatherers 6. By 16,000 BCE, farming began with okra, black eye peas, gourds, watermelons, yams, peanuts, kola nuts, cotton, beans, wheat, barley, domestication of cattle, sheep, etc 7. Metalwork which included, iron, copper, lead & bronze production

9. II. African Empires

10. A. Prior to the colonialism, thousands of empires/kingdoms existed throughout Africa B. Ancient Empires include: – 1. Ancient Egypt (3100 BCE-870 CE) – 2. Ancient Kush/Nubia (Sudan) (760 BCE-656 BCE) – 3. Ancient Carthage (Tunisia) (575 BCE-146 BCE) – 4. Ancient Axum (Ethiopia) (100-940 CE)

11. II. African Empires Ancient Kush/Nubia (Sudan) Ancient Egypt Ancient Carthage (Tunisia)Ancient Axum (Ethiopia)

12. III. West African Empires A. “Sudanic Empires”, “Bilad al Sudan (“land of the Blacks”) included: 1. Ghana (800-1200 CE) 2. Mali (1100-1700 CE) 3. Songhai (1335-1591 CE) 4. Kanem-Bornu (1100-1846 CE)

13. III. West African Empires Present day Mauritania & Mali

14. III. West African Empires Mansa Musa

15. III. West African Empires Timbuktu, Mali Songhai Empire included present day Mali, Niger & Burkina Faso

16. III. West African Empires Sunni Ali, Songhai Emperor Idris Alooma, Kanem-Bornu Emperor

17. III. West African Empires Present day Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon & Nigeria

18. III. West African Empires B. Islam – 1. Sudanic Empires were all Muslim (followers of Islam) – 2. Islam spread through trade routes that connected West, North & East Africa with the Arabian peninsula, India & China – 3. It brought literacy, political stability, economic prosperity – 4. Africans combined existing traditions with Islamic doctrine, culture & even fashion

19. III. West African Empires

20. C. West African Empires included: 1. Benin (1447-1897 CE) Benin & Nigeria 2. Yoruba/Oyo (1600-1800 CE) Nigeria D. Practiced Indigenous African Religion E. Organized in city-states, which were ruled by a chief & the chiefs were ruled by a KING F. Traded gold, pepper, ivory, slaves, blue fabric, leopard skins, glass beads, etc

21. III. West African Empires Oba of Benin

22. III. West African Empires

23. IV. Southwestern African Empires A. Southwestern Empires included: 1. Luba (1000-1600) Democratic Republic of Congo 2. Kongo (1200-1600) Kongo, Angola & Gabon B. Formed along the Congo River C. Luba was: 1. feudal system 2. agrarian based 3. metal work 4. traded palm oil, metal work, salt, beads, etc

24. IV. Southwestern African Empires

25. D Kongo: – 1. Absolute monarch – 2. Traded gold, pepper, ivory, slaves, blue, fabric, leopard skins, glass beads, etc – 3. King Alfonso converted to Christianity, so did many of his subjects – 4. King Alfonso tried to curtail slavery, famously wrote a letter

26. IV. Southwestern African Empires

27. V. South African Empires A. Zimbabwe 1. located between Limpopo & Zambezi Rivers 2. founded 1150 CE 3. Indigenous African w/o Islamic influences 4. Organized into city-states & ruled by a king 5. traded gold, copper, cloth & glass 6. zimbabwe means house of stone

28. V. South African Empires

30. B. Zulu Kingdom 1816-1897 1. located along the southeast African coast 2. Indigenous African language & religion 3. founded by Shaka 4. extended slave trade in southeastern Africa

31. V. South African Empires

32. VI. East African Empires A. East African Coastal areas 1. were organized into city-states, major city-states included: a. Kilwa Island off the coast of Tanzania) b. Mombasa (Kenya) c. Zanzibar (Tanzania) d. Mogadishu (Somalia)

33. VI. East African Empires

34. Kilwa 900-1700s

35. VI. East African Empires 2. Traded ivory, incense, gold, iron, slaves, spices, perfumes with Africans, Arabs, East Indians, Malaysians & Persians 3. Islam dominant religion 4. The Swahili language, a combination of Arabic & Bantu (indigenous sub-Saharan African languages) developed

36. VI. East African Empires

37. B. Ethiopia 1. Ethiopian people are combination of Indigenous African & Arab people 2. Christianity is the dominant religion a. 330CE King Ezana converted to Christianity b. 900s CE Ethiopian Orthodox Church formed 3. Isolated from African neighbors 4. Solomonic Dynasty ruled from 950 -1974

38. VI. East African Empires

39. VII. North African Empires

40. African Independence