1. Chapter 17: Creating American Foreign Policy
Denison Middle
Grade 7 Civics

2. U.S. foreign policy is how our government deals with other nations.
Nationalization is the transfer of private property to government ownership.
Embargo is a ban on trading goods with a country.
17.1: Introduction

3. 17.2: The Basic Goals of U.S. Foreign Policy
The basic goals of U.S. foreign policy have remained constant.
These goals are based on what Americans see as our nation’s vital interests: protecting security, preserving peace, promoting prosperity, and pursuing humanitarian rights.
17.2: The Basic Goals of U.S. Foreign Policy

4. Protecting the Nation’s Security
Ensuring national security is central to the foreign policy of every nation.
The most important job of any national government is to protect its people from attacks.
This may be done both by creating armed forces and by forming military alliances with other nations.
Since 9/11, the United States has been engaged in a war on terrorism.
Visitors seeking visas to enter the United States are now interviewed and checked against terrorist watch list.
A visa is an official document issued by a country’s government that allows a foreigner to enter and travel in that country.
Protecting the Nation’s Security

5. Preserving World Peace
A peaceful world is both more secure from a military point of view and better for U.S. economic interests.
The United States seeks peace by supporting the peacekeeping work of the United Nations.
U.S. officials also work to mediate disputes that might lead to, or have led, to armed conflict.
Preserving World Peace

6. Promoting Economic Prosperity
Most governments use foreign policy to promote the economic prosperity of their people.
Since WWII, the United States has become a leading force in globalization, or the trend toward more open, less-restricted trade and communication among the world’s nations.
Globalization promotes the free movement of goods, money, people, and culture across national borders.
Promoting Economic Prosperity

7. Promoting Economic Prosperity
One large threat is the illegal production of goods that are protected by U.S. patents or copyrights.
Patents give an inventor the exclusive right to make or sell an invention.
Similarly, a copyright gives developers of original works, such as music, art, books, and software, the right to control their intellectual property.
Promoting Economic Prosperity

8. Promoting Economic Prosperity
Those benefits are lost when foreign producers ignore patent and copyright protections.
Some of these producers make money by counterfeiting through selling copies of a patented product without permission from the patent holder.
Others make money by modern piracy, or the illegal use of copyrighted intellectual property such as movies and software.
Promoting Economic Prosperity

9. Pursuing Humanitarian Ideals
U.S. foreign policy has also been driven by the goal of advancing humanitarian ideals around the world.
Some of these ideals involve promoting, freedom, democracy, and the rule of law.
Others involve ending poverty and promoting human rights.
Pursuing Humanitarian Ideals

10. 17.3: The “Soft Power” Tools of Foreign Policy
Much of foreign policy involves trying to get other countries to do what you want.
17.3: The “Soft Power” Tools of Foreign Policy

11. Diplomacy: The Art of Conducting Negotiations
Diplomacy is the art of conducting negotiations between countries.
Most diplomacy is carried out by government officials called diplomats.
The highest-ranking diplomat sent by one country to another is the ambassador.
The ambassador and his staff work out of an embassy.
The embassy’s job is to represent the interests of the home country while developing friendly relations with the host country.
Diplomacy: The Art of Conducting Negotiations

12. Diplomacy: The Art of Conducting Negotiations
Under international law, ambassadors and their staff enjoy diplomatic immunity.
This means they are exempt from the host country’s laws.
Diplomatic relations begin when a country grants diplomatic recognition to another country’s government.
Such recognition acknowledges that the government is the legitimate representative of its people.
Diplomacy: The Art of Conducting Negotiations

13. Summits: Meetings of Heads of States
Most negotiations between countries are carried out by diplomats.
From time to time, national leaders come together for face-to-face talks.
These very high-level meetings are called summits.
Summits are used to address problems of mutual concern.
Summits: Meetings of Heads of States

14. Treaties: Agreements to Solve Problems Peacefully
When conflicts arise between nations, diplomats try to settle them through peaceful negotiations.
Treaties may be bilateral, which means they relate to two countries.
Or they may be multilateral agreements that involve three or more countries.
Treaties can cover a variety of issues, from ending wars to protecting the environment.
Treaties: Agreements to Solve Problems Peacefully

15. Trade Relations: Managing Cross-Border Commerce
With the rise of globalization, cross-border trade relations have become an important soft power tool.
Most trade agreements made by the Untied States with other countries include a most-favored-nation clause.
This means that the other country will be granted all trade advantages, such as low tariffs, that any other trading partner receives from the U.S.
Trade Relations: Managing Cross-Border Commerce

16. Foreign Aid: Assisting Less Wealthy Countries
Foreign aid can come in various forms, including cash, equipment, and personnel.
In 2004, the U.S. provided foreign aid to about 150 countries.
Foreign Aid: Assisting Less Wealthy Countries

17. Foreign Aid: Assisting Less Wealthy Countries
U.S. assistance programs can be divided into 5 major categories:
Bilateral development assistance. Focus on economic reform, promotion of democracy, environmental protection, and health.
Security assistance. Aimed at protecting U.S. political, economic, and national security interests.
Humanitarian assistance. Most aid goes to refugees from human- made and natural disasters.
Multilateral assistance. Funds international organizations such as the United Nations Development Programme and the World Bank.
Military assistance. Gives U.S. allies military equipment and training.
Foreign Aid: Assisting Less Wealthy Countries

18. Cultural Exchanges: People-to-People Contacts
The U.S. State Department actively promotes cultural exchanges as a way to “communicate America’s strengths, freedoms, hopes, and challenges”.
Cultural Exchanges: People-to-People Contacts

19. 17.4: The “Hard Power” Tools of Foreign Policy
Some hard power tools, such as boycotts and sanctions, are economic in nature.
Others involve the use of spies, secret agents, and military forces.
17.4: The “Hard Power” Tools of Foreign Policy

20. Intelligence Gathering: Assessing Foreign Threats
Making good foreign policy decisions depends on having reliable information about activities and intentions of other countries.
Such information is called intelligence.
Most countries have an intelligence agency like the CIA.
Such agencies gather information related to national security, either through public sources or by spying.
Intelligence Gathering: Assessing Foreign Threats

21. Covert Action: Influencing Events in Other Countries
Intelligence agencies also carry out covert actions in other countries.
A covert action is a secret operation that supports the country’s foreign policy.
Covert Action: Influencing Events in Other Countries

22. Boycotts and Sanctions: Applying Economic Pressure
Boycotts and sanctions use economic pressure to punish a country for its actions or policies.
A boycott usually involves a refusal to buy goods from a country as a form of protest against its policies.
Boycotts can also involve a refusal to take part in an international event (Olympics).
A sanction is an action taken against one or more countries to force a government to change its policies.
Boycotts and Sanctions: Applying Economic Pressure

23. Military Alliances: Defending Against Attacks
Military alliances are agreements made by countries to defend one another in cases of an attack.
The largest military alliance today is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
The United States, Canada, Iceland, and nine Western European countries formed NATO in 1948.
NATO’s primary purpose was to guard against the threat posed by the Soviet Union and its communist allies in Eastern Europe.
Military Alliances: Defending Against Attacks

24. Armed Forces: The Tool of Last Resort
When all other tools fail, countries may resort to war as their foreign policy tool of last resort.
President Bill Clinton resorted to armed force only after diplomatic efforts failed to end Serbia’s ethnic cleansing campaign in the province of Kosovo.
Ethnic cleansing involves the mass removal and killing of an ethnic group in an area.
Armed Forces: The Tool of Last Resort

25. 17.5: The Makers and Shapers of Foreign Policy
What do the four items listed below have in common?
Monroe Doctrine
Roosevelt Corollary
Truman Doctrine
Nixon Doctrine
If you said that they are all foreign policy statements named after presidents, you would be right.
17.5: The Makers and Shapers of Foreign Policy

26. What the Constitution Says About Foreign Policy
The Constitution divides responsibility for developing foreign policy between Congress and the president.
The president has the power to negotiate treaties.
But these treaties do not go into effect until approved by the Senate.
What the Constitution Says About Foreign Policy

27. The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy
The president directs the administration of foreign policy as the head of a large foreign policy bureaucracy.
This bureaucracy consists of 4 main sections, or areas of responsibility:
Diplomacy.
Intelligence.
National security.
Economy.
The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy

28. Congressional Influence Over Foreign Policy
Although the president directs the foreign policy bureaucracy, Congress also has considerable influence in this area.
Its most important tool for influencing policy is its power of the purse.
The president cannot carry out policies that Congress is unwilling to fund.
In addition, Congress has the power to conduct oversight hearings and investigations into foreign policy issues.
Congressional Influence Over Foreign Policy

29. 17.6: How Worldviews Shape Foreign Policy
In the 1900s, four worldviews dominated debates about foreign policy.
Since September 11, 2001, a fifth worldview has emerged that may affect U.S. foreign policy for many years to come.
17.6: How Worldviews Shape Foreign Policy

30. Isolationism: Withdrawing from World Views
The view that the United States should withdraw from world affairs is called isolationism.
People who hold this view do not favor helping other nations with foreign aid.
Isolationism: Withdrawing from World Views

31. Containment: Controlling Aggressive Nations
The view that the United States should contain, or control, aggressive nations that threaten world peace is called containment.
This view came out of WWII.
After WWII, Americans became alarmed by the Soviet Union’s aggressive efforts to spread communism around the world.
Containment: Controlling Aggressive Nations

32. Disengagement: Avoiding Military Involvements
The view that the United States should avoid military actions in other parts of the world is called disengagement.
People who believe in disengagement want to avoid military actions, they may not be against foreign aid or trade relations.
The disengagement worldview reflects the experience of Americans during the Vietnam War.
Disengagement: Avoiding Military Involvements

33. Human Rights: Using U.S. Power to Protect Others
By 1991, the Cold War was over and the Soviet Union had collapsed.
With that change, containment gave way to a new worldview that was based on protecting human rights.
Those who adopted this view held that the United States should use its power to protect the rights and well-being of people around the world.
Human Rights: Using U.S. Power to Protect Others

34. Antiterrorism: protecting the Homeland
The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, brought a new worldview to the forefront of foreign policy: antiterrorism.
People holding this worldview believe that the greatest threat to the United States comes from terrorist groups such as al Qaeda.
In their view, U.S. power should be used to seek out and destroy terrorist networks.
It should also be used to keep weapons of mass destruction, particularly nuclear weapons, out of the hands of terrorists.
Antiterrorism: protecting the Homeland