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Chapter 2: Cognitive Development and Language Ed Psych 202/Dr. Bauer Marietta College
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Overview
Definition of Development
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Implications of Piaget’s Theory
Vygotsky Sociocultural Perspective
Implications of Vygotsky’s Theory
Development of Language
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3. Concept Map for Chapter 2
Language
Development
Development
Defined
Cognitive
Development and
Language
Vygotsky’s Theory
and
Implications
Piaget’s Theory
and
Implications
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Development
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5. Types of Developmental Change
Physical
Personal
Social
Cognitive
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6. Principles of Development
Rates differ
Orderly
Gradual
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Brain Development
Main structures
Specialization and integration
Lateralization
Storing and transferring information
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Jean Piaget
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9. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Maturation
Activity
Social transmission
Equilibration
Mnemonic: MASE
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10. Piagetian Terminology
Organization
Schemes / schema
Adaptation
Assimilation
Accommodation
Equilibration
Equilibrium
Disequilibrium
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11. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor
Pre-operational
Concrete operations
Formal operations
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Sensorimotor Stage: 0-2
Learning through 5 senses
Object permanence
Goal directed actions
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Rules for Toddlers
If I like it, it’s mine.
If it’s in my hand, it’s mine.
If I can take it from you, it’s mine.
If I had it a little while ago, it’s mine.
If it’s mine, it must never appear to be yours in any way.
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14. Rules for Toddlers, continued
If I’m doing or building something, all the pieces are mine.
If it looks like mine, it’s mine.
If I saw it first, it’s mine.
If you are playing with something, and you put it down, it automatically becomes mine.
If it’s broken,
it’s yours!
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15. Preoperational Stage: 2-7
Operations
Semiotic function
One-way logic
Difficulty with centering & conservation
Egocentrism
Language develops
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16. Concrete Operational Stage: Ages 7 - 11
‘Hands on’ thinking
Conservation, identity, compensation
Reversability
Classification
Seriation
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17. Formal Operational Stage: Ages 11 - 15
Not all individuals reach this stage
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
‘Scientific’ reasoning
Adolescent egocentrism & imaginary audience
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18. Implications of Piaget’s Theory for Teachers
Understanding students’ thinking
‘Match’ teaching to cognitive stage
Presentation strategies
Illustrations and examples
Assignments
Use disequilibrium to motivate
Individuals ‘construct’ knowledge Use disequilibrium to motivate
See Guidelines, Woolfolk pp. 33, 36, & 38
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19. Create a Mnemonic for Piaget’s Four Stages
Examples:
Sometimes Piaget Can Frustrate!
Sophomore Psychologists Can’t Fail!
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Limitations of Piaget
Stage theory inconsistencies
Underestimating children's abilities
Cognitive development & information processing
Overlooks influence of cultural and social groups
See Point▼Counterpoint, Woolfolk p. 41
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Lev Vygotsky
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22. Vygotsky Sociocultural Perspective
Knowledge is co-constructed
Interpsychological
Intrapsychological
Social interactions
Role of cultural tools
Role of language & private speech
Self-talk & learning
Role of adults and peers
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23. Private Speech: Piaget versus Vygotsky
Developmental Significance
Lack of ability
External thinking
Course of Development
Declines with age
Increases in youth, then declines
Relationship to Social Speech
Negative; immature
Positive; social stimulated
Relationship to Environmental Context
Piaget did not comment
Increases with task difficulty
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24. Implications of Vygotsky’s Theory for Teachers
Assisted learning
Scaffolding
Zone of proximal development
Collaborative learning
Alternative assessment
See Table p. 50 & Guidelines p. 52
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Reflection Questions
Compare Piaget with Vygotsky regarding implications for teaching.
Compare disequilibrium with the zone of proximal development.
Compare the role of social transmission in Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories.
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Language Development
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Language Development
Reinforced behaviors or special capacity for language learning?
Influences of heredity and environment
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28. Language Development: The School Years
Pronunciation
Syntax
Vocabulary & meaning
Metalinguistic awareness
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29. 1st Grade Teachers and Literacy
Build on existing emerging literacy skills
Be supportive and positive
Actively involve children in meaningful, functional language experiences
Acknowledge differences
Emphasize reading
Develop partnerships with families
See Family and Community Partnerships, Woolfolk, p. 56
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Summary
Definition of Development
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Implications of Piaget’s Theory
Vygotsky Sociocultural Perspective
Implications of Vygotsky’s Theory
Development of Language
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Review Questions
What are three principles of development?
What part of the brain is associated with higher mental functions?
What is lateralization and why is it important?
What are the main influences on cognitive development?
What is a scheme?
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Review Questions
As children move through Piaget’s four stages, what are the major changes?
What is the “problem of the match”?
What is active learning? Why is Piaget’s theory consistent with active learning?
What are some limitations of Piaget’s theory?
Explain how interpsychological development becomes intrapsychological development.
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Review Questions
What are the differences between Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s view of private speech and its role in development?
What is assisted learning? Scaffolding?
What is a student’s zone of proximal development?
How are humans predisposed to develop language? What role does learning play?
Describe teacher actions and responses that encourage language development.
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34. Compare & Contrast Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s Theories.
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Short Answer
When a child can focus on both width and length of two triangles in order to compare their areas, Piaget would say that the child is capable of _________________.
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Short Answer
When a child can focus on both width and length of two triangles in order to compare their areas, Piaget would say that the child is capable of decentering.
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Multiple Choice
According to Vygotsky, which of the following would be most influential on a child’s learning?
a. Social transmission
b. Cognitive level
c. Repetition of information
d. Maturation
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38. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Multiple Choice
According to Vygotsky, which of the following would be most influential on a child’s learning?
a. Social transmission
b. Cognitive level
c. Repetition of information
d. Maturation
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39. Mnemonics: How Will You Remember…...
Piaget’s influences on development?
Piaget’s four stages?
The zone of proximal development?
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40. Time for Bill’s Story: Hearing Aid loss
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