1. Gregorian Reforms

2. East-West split: The Great Schism
1054
Causes
Political/cultural
Doctrinal
Western addition to the creed: Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father “and the Son” (Latin: filioque)
Ecclesiological
Primacy of bishops together v. growing authority of Bishop of Rome

3. Development of Papacy Up to 300s/400s: Five Patriarchs 400s onward
Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria
Bishop of Rome is “first among equals”
first in honor, as successor to Apostle Peter, who died at Rome
works in cooperation with other bishops
Other titles: Vicar of Peter (ca. 300), Vicar of Christ (ca. 1150)
400s onward
Weakening of Roman political authority led to increasing church authority
Pope Gelasius I: political power is subordinate to spiritual power
Post-1054
Bishop of Rome only Patriarch in West

4. Background to Gregorian Reforms
Need for reform
Lay investiture
Simony
Nepotism
Stand off between Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII
Pretty nasty on both sides
Question: who had authority over the other?
Could Gregory excommunicate Henry?
Could Henry depose Greg as pope?

6. Henry and Greg: what went wrong
Henry appointed bishops in Germany and Italy
1076: Henry convened German bishops to depose Pope Gregory
Pope Greg excommunicates Henry
released king’s subjects from their oath of fealty
: Greg absolves Henry
Henry gets dirty again
Greg excommunicates again
Henry convenes HRE bishops
Depose Greg and elect another pope
1084: Henry seizes Rome
Romans elect HRE pope as their pope, Clement III
Clement crowned Henry as emperor in St. Peter’s
French come into Rome to rescue Gregory, but he died in exile

7. Gregory VII (pope 1073-85) Spiritual authority above secular authority
Concerns salvation
Has sacramental power [322]
Secular authority is dirty
Uses pride, plunder, treachery, and murder to gain power [321]
Dangerous, few find salvation [322]
Send thousands to death in war, out of desire for glory [323]
Good Christians more like kings than evil princes are
Spiritual authority divinely given
By Jesus to Peter
Affirmed by popes
Gregory I (ca. 600) , Ambrose (ca. 380) excommunicated kings

8. Legacy Reforms corrected abuses
But in time, abuses of these new reforms arose
Papacy became a legalistic monarchy with MUCH more authority
Developed bureaucracy in Rome (the Curia)
1302: actually claimed temporal authority, too
Clerical celibacy created further problems by 1500s
Addressed in Protestant and Catholic reformations of 1500s
Also at Vatican II ( )

9. For next time Spiritual writing Francis of Assisi
What is his “conversion” story? What gestures does he use to signify change? What does he give up?
How is his spirituality different from what we have seen?
How does he interpret “imitation of Christ”?