1. 1 Personality zTrait Theories zSocial/Cognitive Approach zHumanistic Approach

2. 2 Trait Theories zTrait - a relatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way zGoal of trait theories is to specify a set of distinct personality dimensions for use in summarizing fundamental psychological differences

3. 3 Trait Theories zSpecific behaviors zSurface traits - linked directly to a set of related behaviors zCentral traits - fundamental dimensions of personality

4. 4 Early Trait Theories zCattell’s sixteen source traits zEysenck’s three dimensional theory ExtravertedIntroverted Emotionally Unstable (Neurotic) Emotionally Stable Moody Anxious Rigid Sober Pessimistic Reserved Unsociable Quiet Passive Careful Thoughtful Peaceful Controlled Reliable Even-tempered Calm Touchy Restless Aggressive Excitable Changeable Impulsive Optimistic Active Sociable Outgoing Talkative Responsive Easygoing Lively Carefree Leadership Introverted- Stable Introverted- Neurotic Extraverted- Stable Extraverted- Neurotic

5. 5 Big-Five Theory zNeuroticism-stability zExtroversion-introversion zOpenness to experience-nonopenness zAgreeableness-antagonism zConscientiousness-undirectedness

6. 6 Predictive Value of Traits zStability of personality zRelationship to actual behaviors zSituation-specific traits

7. 7 Biological Foundations of Traits zLevel of arousal and motivational systems of extroverts and introverts zModerate heritability of traits zGenetic influences on neurotransmitters that can affect personality

8. 8 Personality as Adaptation zAdvantages of being different ydiversity of offspring yoccupying alternative niches zFamily environment ysibling contrast ybirth order differences zGender differences

9. 9 Social-Cognitive Perspective zBased on research on learning, cognition, and social influence zFocuses on beliefs and habits that increase or decrease people’s ability to take control of their lives and accomplish goals

10. 10 Social-Cognitive Perspective zLocus of Control yproposed by Julian Rotter ybelief that rewards either are or are not controllable by one’s own efforts ymay be internal or external

11. 11 Social-Cognitive Perspective zSelf-Efficacy yproposed by Albert Bandura ybelief about one’s ability to perform specific tasks ycan be high or low

12. 12 Humanistic Perspective zFocuses on the human tendency to create belief systems and to govern our lives in accordance with these beliefs zPhenomenological reality - one’s conscious understanding of his/her world

13. 13 Humanistic Perspective zCarl Rogers’s person-centered approach yself-concept is central to personality yconditional positive regard - love and praise is withheld unless one conforms to others’ expectations yunconditional positive regard - accepting a person regardless of who they are or what they do

14. 14 Humanistic Perspective zAbraham Maslow yhierarchy of needs yself-actualization - the realization of one’s dreams and capabilities Self-actualization needs Esteem needs Belongingness and love needs Safety needs Physiological needs Growth needs Deficiency needs