1. 1 Personality zA person’s general style of interacting with the world zPeople differ from one another in ways that are relatively consistent over time and place

2. 2 zPsychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Psychoanalysis and Post-Freudian Theories Personality

3. 3 Psychoanalytic Approach zDeveloped by Sigmund Freud zPsychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy and a theory of personality zEmphasizes unconscious motivation - the main causes of behavior lie buried in the unconscious mind

4. 4 Psychoanalytic Approach Conscious Unconscious Superego Preconscious Id Ego Information which can easily be made conscious Thoughts, feelings, urges, and other information that is difficult to bring to conscious awareness Information in your immediate awareness Rational, planful, mediating dimension of personality Moralistic, judgmental, perfectionist dimension of personality Irrational, illogical, impulsive dimension of personality

5. 5 Psychoanalytic Approach zConscious - all things we are aware of at any given moment Conscious Unconscious Superego Preconscious Id Ego

6. 6 Psychoanalytic Approach zPreconscious - everything that can, with a little effort, be brought into consciousness Conscious Unconscious Superego Preconscious Id Ego

7. 7 Psychoanalytic Approach zUnconscious - inaccessible warehouse of anxiety- producing thoughts and drives Conscious Unconscious Superego Preconscious Id Ego

8. 8 Psychoanalytic Divisions of the Mind zId - instinctual drives present at birth ydoes not distinguish between reality and fantasy yoperates according to the pleasure principle zEgo - develops out of the id in infancy yunderstands reality and logic ymediator between id and superego zSuperego yinternalization of society’s moral standards yresponsible for guilt

9. 9 Defense Mechanisms zUnconscious mental processes employed by the ego to reduce anxiety

10. 10 Defense Mechanisms zRepression - keeping anxiety- producing thoughts out of the conscious mind zReaction formation - replacing an unacceptable wish with its opposite

11. 11 Defense Mechanisms zDisplacement - when a drive directed to one activity by the id is redirected to a more acceptable activity by the ego zSublimation - displacement to activities that are valued by society

12. 12 Defense Mechanisms zProjection - reducing anxiety by attributing unacceptable impulses to someone else zRationalization - reasoning away anxiety-producing thoughts zRegression - retreating to a mode of behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development

13. 13 Psychosexual Stages zFreud’s five stages of personality development, each associated with a particular erogenous zone zFixation - an attempt to achieve pleasure as an adult in ways that are equivalent to how it way achieved in these stages

14. 14 Oral Stage (birth - 1 year) zMouth is associated with sexual pleasure zWeaning a child can lead to fixation if not handled correctly zFixation can lead to oral activities in adulthood

15. 15 Anal Stage (1 - 3 years) zAnus is associated with pleasure zToilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly zFixation can lead to anal retentive or expulsive behaviors in adulthood

16. 16 Phallic Stage (3 - 5 years) zFocus of pleasure shifts to the genitals zOedipus or Electra complex can occur zFixation can lead to excessive masculinity in males and the need for attention or domination in females

17. 17 Latency Stage (5 - puberty) zSexuality is repressed zChildren participate in hobbies, school and same-sex friendships

18. 18 Genital Stage (puberty on) zSexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others zHealthy adults find pleasure in love and work, fixated adults have their energy tied up in earlier stages

19. 19 Post-Freudian Psychodynamic Theories zKaren Horney’s focus on security zObject relations theories zAlfred Adler’s individual psychology zErik Erikson’s psychosocial development zCarl Jung’s collective unconscious

20. 20 Personality zTrait Theories zSocial/Cognitive Approach zHumanistic Approach

21. 21 Trait Theories zTrait – consistent predisposition to behave in a certain way zspecify a set of traits to recognize a personality or differentiate between indivduals

22. 22 Trait Theories zSpecific behaviors zSurface traits - linked directly to a set of related behaviors zCentral traits - fundamental dimensions of personality zOriginal Allport) was too confusing 4500+ traits

23. 23 Early Trait Theories zCattell’s sixteen source traits zEysenck’s three dimensional theory ExtravertedIntroverted Emotionally Unstable (Neurotic) Emotionally Stable Moody Anxious Rigid Sober Pessimistic Reserved Unsociable Quiet Passive Careful Thoughtful Peaceful Controlled Reliable Even-tempered Calm Touchy Restless Aggressive Excitable Changeable Impulsive Optimistic Active Sociable Outgoing Talkative Responsive Easygoing Lively Carefree Leadership Introverted- Stable Introverted- Neurotic Extraverted- Stable Extraverted- Neurotic

24. 24 Big-Five Theory or Five Factor Model zOpenness to experience-nonopenness zConscientiousness-undirectedness zExtroversion-introversion zAgreeableness-antagonism zNeuroticism-stability Criticism: doesn’t account for situational differences Describes but doesn’t explain personality

25. 25 Predictive Value of Traits zStability of personality zRelationship to actual behaviors zSituation-specific traits zHas some biological evidence, like inherited traits seen from parent to child

26. 26 Personality as Adaptation zAdvantages of being different ydiversity of offspring yoccupying alternative niches zFamily environment ysibling contrast ybirth order differences (Adler) zGender differences (Freud, Horney)

27. 27 Social-Cognitive Perspective zBased on research on learning, cognition, and social influence zFocuses on beliefs and habits that increase or decrease people’s ability to take control of their lives and accomplish goals

28. 28 Social-Cognitive Perspective zLocus of Control yproposed by Julian Rotter ybelief that rewards either are or are not controllable by one’s own efforts yWay we approach a problem ymay be internal (self-responsibility) or external (chance/luck) yInternal control less stress

29. 29 Social-Cognitive Perspective zSelf-Efficacy yproposed by Albert Bandura ybelief about one’s ability to perform specific tasks ycan be high or low (confidence/doubt) ysituational

30. 30 Humanistic Perspective zPersonal responsibility – fre will and do not be a victim of fate zThe here and now (do not be a victim of the past) zPhenomenological reality - one’s conscious understanding of his/her world; no one can know you like you know you zPersonal growth – seek being a better you

31. 31 Humanistic Perspective zCarl Rogers’s person-centered approach yself-concept is central to personality yconditional positive regard - love and praise is withheld unless one conforms to others’ expectations yunconditional positive regard - accepting a person regardless of who they are or what they do

32. 32 Humanistic Perspective zAbraham Maslow yhierarchy of needs yself-actualization - the realization of one’s dreams and capabilities Self-actualization needs Esteem needs Belongingness and love needs Safety needs Physiological needs Growth needs Deficiency needs