1. THE PRESIDENCY

3. DESCRIBE THE WHITE HOUSE OFFICE

4. White House Office President’s closest assistants Includes- CHIEF OF STAFF, COUNSEL TO THE PRESIDENT, PRESS SECRETARY, EXPERT ADVISORS Do not need Senate confirmations Oversee political & policy issues

5. WHITE HOUSE OFFICE –Staffs organized in 3 ways: –Pyramid structure- Eisenhower, Nixon, & Reagan –Circular structure- Carter –Ad hoc structure-Clinton

6. EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT (EOP)

7. The National Security Council Advises the president on domestic, foreign, and military matters that relate to the nation’s security Members – VP, Sec. Of Defense & State, director of CIA, & Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff

8. National Security Council

9. Office of Management & Budget OMB Largest office in EOP Major task is to prepare the federal budget – President must submit to Congress in Jan, or Feb.

10. Table 12.1: The Cabinet Departments

11. Presidential Power Persuasion Power Three audiences 1. Politicians 2. party activists 3. general public

12. Presidential Popularity* Reasons for increase: –most popular immediately after he is elected – “honeymoon period,” –good economic conditions, – foreign policy success –reelection campaign

13. Reasons for decrease: –Decline in popularity over term –Sluggish economy –Scandal –Unpopular war

14. Figure 12.2: Presidential Popularity Source: Thomas E. Cronin, The State of the Presidency (Boston: Little, Brown, 1975), 110-111. Copyright 1975 by Little, Brown and Co., Inc. Reprinted by permission. Updated with Gallup poll data, 1976-1993. Reprinted by permission of the Gallup Poll News Service.

15. Figure 12.2: Presidential Popularity (cont’d) Source: Thomas E. Cronin, The State of the Presidency (Boston: Little, Brown, 1975), 110-111. Copyright 1975 by Little, Brown and Co., Inc. Reprinted by permission. Updated with Gallup poll data, 1976-1993. Reprinted by permission of the Gallup Poll News Service.

16. What ways can the President say no? The budget Veto Executive privilege Impoundment of funds

17. President Program Constraints –Public Reaction –Congressional Reaction –Limited time –budget

19. Vice-President President of Senate 25th amendment allows the VP and a majority of the Cabinet to deem a president unable to fulfill his duties Balance Ticket Recent yrs. involved in public policy

20. Succession Presidential Succession Act 1947 –VP –Speaker –Pres. Pro Tempore –Sec. State...

22. 25th Amendment 1967 –Pres. Can appoint a new VP if vacant with approval from both Houses

23. PRESIDENTIAL POWER

24. Office of National Drug Control Policy Prepares an annual national drug control strategy Coordinates the efforts of more than 50 federal agencies fighting the war on drugs

25. WHO GETS APPOINTED - CABINET PRESIDENT KNOWS FEW PERSONALLY MOST HAVE HAD FEDERAL EXPERIENCE Rivalry often develops between Cabinet and White House staff

26. WHY HAS PRESIDENTIAL POWER GROWN?

27. 1. MANY PRESIDENTS HAVE WORKED TO EXPAND THEIR OFFICE – ex. Issue executive orders & agreements

28. 2. PEOPLE HAVE DEMANDED THE FEDERAL GOV’T TO TAKE A LARGE ROLE AND LOOKED TO THE PRESIDENT FOR LEADERSHIP – ex. In times of war & economic hardship

29. 3. CONGRESS HAS DELEGATED MUCH AUTHORITY TO THE PRESIDENT – ex. Expanding the office 4. PRESIDENTS RECEIVE MORE ATTENTION - Media

30. Powers and Limitations

31. Chief Legislator 1. Veto 2. Outlines legislative proposals 3. Calls special sessions of Congress A. 2/3 both houses of Congress can override a veto B. Congress is not obligated to pass the president’s proposals

32. Table 12.5: Presidential Vetoes, 1789-2000

33. Head of Political Party 1. Political patronage – giving jobs to individuals in their party A. Presidents today hire some members of the opposing party B. 22 nd amendment

34. Chief Diplomat 1. In charge of foreign policy 2. Appoints ambassadors 3. Executive agreements 4. Negotiates treaties 5. Recognition of foreign governments

35. A. Senate must approve appointments B. Senate must approve treaties (2/3)

36. Commander in Chief 1. Civilian authority over the military A. War Powers Act 1973 B. Congress declares war

39. Chief of State The ceremonial head of the U.S. government & people

40. Chief Executive 1. enforces federal law, treaties, court decisions 2. Appoints cabinet members, commissions, etc. 3. Executive orders A. Senate approval needed for appointments

42. Chief Jurist 1. Pardon power 2. Appoints federal judges A. Senate approval needed for judges

43. Chief Economist 1. Develops the national budget – OMB A. Congress must allocate money

44. Leader of the Free World 1. Persuasion powers over allies A. Allies are under no obligation to follow

45. PRESIDENTIAL CHARACTER EISENHOWER-orderly, delegation of authority KENNEDY- improviser JOHNSON- master legislative strategist, who tended to micromanage NIXON- expertise in foreign policy FORD- many decisions were made in disorganized manner

46. CARTER- micromanage REAGAN-set policy priorities and then gave staff wide latitude BUSH-hands-on manager CLINTON-good communicator BUSH – tightly run White House Obama- ?