2.  Political re-entry of formerly rebellious states  Economic devastation of the South  Education and support of freedmen

3.  Second Inaugural Address ◦ Sought not to blame, but rather heal ◦ “With Malice toward none, with charity for all…”  Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction Plan (aka 10% Plan) ◦ Pardon all Confederates who took loyalty oath  Exceptions ◦ If 10% of voters took the oath, statehood would be re- established ◦ Major goals: heal, strengthen Republican Party in the South ◦ AK, LA, TN, VA accepted under these terms

4.  Supported: ◦ Abolition ◦ Destroy power of slaveholders ◦ Full citizenship and suffrage to African Americans  Included: Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner  Opposed 10% Plan

5.  Stipulations:  Congress Responsible for reconstruction  Military governors to rule Southern states  Majority of citizens required to take loyalty oath  Attitude: South should be treated as conquered territory  Lincoln uses Pocket Veto, Congress threatens Lincoln to stick to Executive duties

6.  AL, FL, GA, MS, NC, SC, TX could be readmitted if ◦ Declared secession illegal ◦ Swore allegiance to the Union ◦ Ratified the 13th Amendment ◦ Excluded confederate leaders and wealthy Southern landowners to take oath without presidential permission to break their power.  Pardoned 13,000 Confederates  Felt Blacks should not gain right to vote  Some Southern States did not fully comply (ie. MS, TX) and still allowed back.  Viewed as too soft on the South by Radical Republicans, liked by many Southerners (states rights!!!)

7.  Furious with Johnson’s plan, failed to address former slaves in 3 areas: land, voting rights, and protection under law.  Refused to allow new Southern legislators in Congress = standstill  Own Plan included: ◦ Enlarging Freedman’s Bureau ◦ Civil Rights Act 1866 ◦ 14 th Amendment

8.  Congress voted to enlarge FREEDMAN’S BUREAU ◦ Assist former slaves and poor whites in South (food, clothing, hospitals, schools, etc.) ◦ Johnson Vetoed  Civil Rights Act of 1866 ◦ defined citizenship ◦ outlawed discrimination on the basis of race (Black Codes) ◦ Johnson Vetoed  14th Amendment gave citizenship and full rights to all Americans, applied Bill of Rights to state governments to override Johnson’s Veto ◦ Johnson encouraged Southern states to reject it, not passed until 1868.

9.  Passed by Radical and Moderates  Did not recognize state gov. formed under Lincoln and Johnson, except TN.  Proposal: ◦ South divided into five military districts ◦ Radical governments formed in Southern states composed of blacks, northern carpetbaggers, and Southern scalawags

10.  As Johnson attempted to counter Radical moves, they planned his impeachment ◦ Tenure of Office Act - requiring Senate approval to remove Cabinet officials ◦ Johnson takes bait, removes Radical sympathizer Sec. of War ◦ Fell one vote short of convicting Johnson (35-19)  Inability of Radicals to convict Johnson helped preserve the balance of power between the executive and legislative branches of the government

11.  Former Confederate officials elected to public office when eligible  Resentment of Freedmen's Bureau and occupying troops  Passage of black codes limiting rights of blacks  Violence rose with the creation of the Ku Klux Klan and other vigilante groups

12.  Republican interest in Reconstruction waned as old abolitionists were replaced by Liberal Republicans with different interests.  Compromise of 1877 settling disputed 1876 Hayes-Tilden election ◦ Removed all federal troops from the South ◦ Republican governments turned out of state offices ◦ Hayes elected as president though receiving fewer popular votes