1. The Chemistry of Life! Organic Molecules AndWater

2. Organic Molecules Defined All compounds that contain carbon atoms.

3. Properties of Carbon Carbon has 4 valence electrons (electrons that are not paired.) Carbon can bond / share electrons with many different types of atoms. Carbon can share electrons with other carbon atoms. Carbon can be in long chains or rings.

4. Structure of Carbon

5. Carbohydrates Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Building Blocks – (Monomers) simple sugars Energy source for plants and animals. Structural elements of cells and tissues. Storage form of energy (ATP). - As glycogen in the body (Liver / Muscles) - As glucose in the blood stream - As cellulose in plants

7. Structure of Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose Chemical Formula – C 6 H 12 O 6 D-Galactose

8. Lipids Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (Mostly Carbon and Hydrogen) Building Blocks – (Monomers) Glycerol and Fatty Acids DO NOT dissolve in water. (Hydrophobic) Function to store excess energy as fat - Combine to form cell membranes - Act as insulation - Form Cholesterol, Vitamin D and Bile Salts.

9. Fatty Acids – Saturated or Un- Saturated; What’s the Difference? Saturated -A long chain of single bonded carbon / carbon atoms. -Becomes fluid only at high temperatures. -Difficult for the body to breakdown (digest). Becomes stored as fat. Un-Saturated - -A series of one or more double bonds between carbon atoms. - -Fluid at various temperatures. - -More easily digested and used / excreted.

11. Proteins Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Building Blocks – (Monomers) Amino Acids. (20 different amino acids.) Function to form; - Enzymes – (Special proteins that speed up chemical reactions.) - Antibodies to fight disease - Structural Proteins to make such things as hair - Transport Proteins such as hemoglobin to carry oxygen - Hormones

12. Amino Acid Structure H H O N C C H R OH Amino Carboxyl Group

13. 14 of the 20 amino acids are found / made in our bodies. The other 6 must be eaten. Without these essential amino acids, our bodies will start breaking down our own tissues.

14. More About ENZYMES!

15. WATER Chemical Formula = H 2 O Hydrogen’s are slightly positive. Oxygen is negative. H’s bond to O’s.

16. Properties of H 2 O 1. Cohesion = Water is attracted to and bonds with other water molecules. Ex. Surface Tension

17. Properties of H 2 O 2 Adhesion = The attraction of water molecules to different molecules. Ex. Capillary Action

18. Dehydration Synthesis The removal a water molecule from two or more small compounds to make one larger compound.

19. Hydrolysis Hydrolysis is the addiction of water to a larger compound to make it two or more smaller compounds.