1. Plants

2. PLANT FAST FACTS #1 (6-2.3)
Plants can be classified in 4 different ways
how they absorb fluids (vascular or nonvascular)
how they reproduce (seeds or spores)
where seeds are produced (cones or flowers)
and by the type of seed (monocot or dicot)
2. Vascular plants have tube-like structures that provide support and circulate materials throughout the plant.
3) Nonvascular plants do not have tube-like structures. They absorb materials through their cell walls. This makes them small.

3. FAST FACTS (continued)
4. Vascular plants have two types of vascular tissue: xylem and phloem.
5. Xylem transports water from the roots to the rest of the plant.
6. Phloem transports food from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
7. Woody stems are hard. Examples include trees and shrubs.
8. Herbaceous stems are soft. Examples include grass and dandeloins.

4. PLANTS FAST FACTS #2 (6-2.3)
Nonvascular plants include mosses, liverworts and hornworts.
There are three parts of seeds: cotyledon, seed coat and embryo.
The embryo is the beginning of the stem, roots, and leaves.
The seed coat keeps the seed from drying out.
The cotyledon is stored food for the plant.

5. PLANT FAST FACTS #2
6) Almost all flowerless plants produce spores. Examples include mosses and ferns.
7) Spores are much smaller than seeds.
8) Flowering plants are called angiosperms. They grow their seeds inside an ovary, which is in a flower.
9) Examples of angiosperms include most trees, shrubs, and fruits.
10) Cone-bearing plants are called gymnosperms. They are evergreens with needle-like leaves.

6. PLANTS FAST FACTS #2
11) Examples of gymnosperms include pine, spruce, juniper, and cedar trees.

7. PLANT FAST FACTS #3 (6-2.3) MONOCOT DICOT
A seed with one food storage area
A seed with two food storage areas
Petals are in multiples of 3 (3, 6, 9, 12, etc)
Petals are in multiples of 4 or 5
Leaves are long and slender; veins are parallel to each other
Leaves are wide with branching veins
Vascular tube structures are scattered throughout the stem
Vascular tube structures are arranged in circular bundles
Grass, corn, rice, lilies, tulips
Roses, dandelions, maple, oak trees

8. PLANT FAST FACTS #4 (6-2.4)
Roots anchor the plant & absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
3 processes take place in the leaves: photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration
The stem provides supports for the plant and holds the plant up to the light.

9. 7) Fibrous roots include corn, grass, and some trees.
FAST FACTS #4
4) There are two types of roots: taproots (one long main root) and fibrous roots (tangled mass of roots)
5) Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil and store extra food for plants.
6) The more surface area on the root that is available, the more water and nutrients it can absorb. Root hairs increase surface area.
7) Fibrous roots include corn, grass, and some trees.
8) Taproots include carrots, dandelions, or cactus.

10. FAST FACTS #5-standard 6-2.4
Flower petals are colorful to attract insects and other animals.
The main parts of flowers are: stamen, pistil, sepal, and petals.
The stamen is the male part of the flower.
The pistil is the female part of the flower.
The stamen has an anther on a stalk (filament).

11. FAST FACTS #5
6. The pistil consists of the ovary, stigma, and the style.
7. The ovary contains ovules where the egg cells are produced.
8. The stigma is the sticky top where pollen lands.
9. The style is the stalk where the pollen tube grows after pollination.

12. PLANT FAST FACTS #6 (6-2.7)
Photosynthesis occurs when plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen.
Photosynthesis is important because it releases oxygen in our atmosphere.
Plants break down glucose in a process called respiration.
During respiration, oxygen combines with sugar, which is broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Energy is released.

13. Plant Fast Facts #6
5. Respiration is important because it changes food energy into a form that all cells can use.
6. The chemical equation for photosynthesis is: carbon dioxide + water + light energy --- glucose + oxygen
7. The chemical equation for respiration is glucose + oxygen --- carbon dioxide + water +energy
8. Transpiration occurs when plants lose excess water through their leaves.
9. If plants did not have a way to control transpiration, they would wither up and die.

14. A plant’s response to stimuli is called a tropism.
Gravitropism is a plant’s response to gravity.
Phototropism is a plant’s response to light.
Thigmotropism is a plant’s response to touch.
Hydrotropism is a plant’s response to water.
A positive tropism grows toward the stimulus. A negative tropism grows away from the stimulus.

15. #7 7. Many fungi must grow in or on other organisms, such as plants
8. Fungi can cause diseases in plants, which may result in huge crop losses
9. Many plants can grow new plants asexually from their plant parts. These parts include: tubers, bulbs, runners, stem cuttings, roots, and leaves.

16. #7
10. Sugar cane and pineapple are examples of plants grown from stem cuttings
11. New strawberries grow from the tips of runners
12. Onions grow from bulbs. Potatoes grow from tubers.
13. African violets can produce plants from leaves placed on top of soil.
14) Dormancy is a period of time when the growth or activity of a plant stops due to changes in temperature/water
15) Dormancy ensures that seeds will germinate when conditions are favorable.

17. Characteristics of Plants
Important to the food chain – all animals would die if there were no plants
Most plants have roots or rootlike structures that hold them to the ground.
All plants need water and sunlight.

18. PLANT KINGDOM
Organisms in this kingdom are classified into groups based on specific structures:
How they absorb/circulate fluids: vascular/nonvascular
How they reproduce: seeds/spores
Method of seed production: cones(gymnosperms) or flowers (angiosperms)
Type of seed-monocot or dicot

19. Nonvascular Plants Parts: Grow in damp places Reproduce using spores
Do not have a well-developed system for transporting water and food; do not have true roots, stems or leaves
Absorb nutrients through their cells walls-usually small in size
Grow in damp places
Tree trunks, on rocks or the ground
Reproduce using spores
small, dust-like reproductive cells
Carried by the wind o

20. Examples: moss

21. Hornworts

22. Liverworts

23. Vascular Plants
Seedless vascular plants
Ferns, club moss, horsetails

24. Vascular Plants Vascular tissue Advantages
Made of long tube-like cells
that provide support
Carries water, minerals and
food to cells throughout the plant
Advantages
Plants can grow taller
Plants can live farther away from water

25. Plant parts Stems, Leaves and Roots Stems: 2 functions 2 types
carry food and water to other parts of the plant
provide support for the plant and hold the leaves closer to the sun
2 types
herbaceous (bendy) and woody

26. Plant parts Leaves 3 Functions Parts: Photosynthesis – food-making
Transpiration – water evaporation
Respiration – taking in carbon dioxide
Parts:
Cuticle – waxy layer that prevents evaporation of water
Stomata – small openings on the underside of leaves that open and close to let water and gases pass through

27. Plant parts Roots 3 functions Anchor the plant in the soil
Absorb water and nutrients from the soil
(in some plants) storage area for food
Examples: carrots, potatoes, turnips

28. Plant parts Roots: 2 types Taproot – long, thick main root
Turnips, dandelions, cacti
Fibrous root system – tangled mass of roots
Grass, corn, most trees

29. Vascular Tissue Stems: Vascular tissue = xylem and phloem
Xylem – carries nutrients and water from the roots to the leaves
Phloem – carries food to other parts of the plant where it is used or stored
“Food Flows through the PHlo-em”
Cambium – layer between xylem and phloem that produces new cells

30. Vascular tissue
Xylem
(water goes up)
Phloem
(food comes down)
cambium

31. Seed Plants
Seeds
Structures that contain a young plant (embryo) inside a protective coating
Fertilized inside the plant – seed plants do not need water from the environment to reproduce.

32. Seed Plants Seed Parts Embryo Cotyledon – cot-l-ee-don Seed coat
young plant that develops from a zygote (fertilized egg)
Has beginnings of leaves, stem, roots
Cotyledon – cot-l-ee-don
stored food
Seed coat
Outer covering (skin)
Keeps seed from drying out

33. Seed Parts
embryo
cotyledon
seed coat

34. Seed Dispersal Seed dispersal = the scattering of seeds
Water – rain, rivers, oceans, streams
Wind – scatters lightweight seeds
Dandelions
Animals
eat the fruit, “deposit” it in other places
barbs on the seeds hook onto fur and are carried to other places

35. SPORE-PRODUCING PLANTS
Reproduce with spores instead of seeds
Much smaller than seeds
Almost all flowerless plants produce spores
(EX: MOSSES & FERNS)

36. Fruit
Fruit – ripened ovary (and other structures) that encloses one or more seeds
Ex. Cherries, apples, tomatoes, squash
Fruit is a way for plants to disperse their seeds… is it by wind? water? animals?

37. ANGIOSPERM LIFE CYCLE SEED GERMINATION SEED PRODUCTION
PLANT DEVELOPMENT
FERTILIZATION

38. Seed Germination Germination The early growth stage of an embryo
Begins when the seed absorbs water from the environment
Roots grow downward, stem and leaves grow upward.
(The plant knows which direction is which.)

39. PLANT DEVELOPMENT
Seed grows into a mature plant with structures necessary to produce more plants.

40. Gymnosperms Characteristics Naked seeds (unprotected by a fruit)
Usually have needle-like or scale-like leaves
Deep-growing root systems

41. Gymnosperms 4 groups Cycads: grow in tropical areas
Ginkgoes: ginkgo biloba

42. Gymnosperms
Gnetophytes: live in deserts in Southern Africa and the western U.S., also in tropical areas
Conifers *Largest Group*
Cone-bearing plants – pine, cedar,
redwood, evergreen, etc.

43. Conifers Cones Male cones Female cones produce pollen
Smaller than female cones
Female cones
contain ovules and eggs at the base of each scale
When fertilized and mature, they open to release seeds

44. Conifers Used for products From the sap: Firewood Lumber Paper Rayon
Cellophane
From the sap:
Turpentine (paint thinner)
Rosin (baseball players and musicians)

45. Angiosperms 2 characteristics of angiosperms: Flowers, fruit
An angiosperm is a plant that
produces flowers
produces seeds enclosed in a fruit
(“seed in a vessel” – vessel = ovary)
The ovary where the seed develops is located within the flower.

46. Angiosperms

47. Angiosperms – Flower Anatomy
The function of a flower is… reproduction.
Sepals – the leaflike structures that cover the bud (unopened flower)
Petals – colorful structures that you see when flowers open
Within the petals are the male and female reproductive structures.

48. Angiosperms – Flower Anatomy
Male – stamen – stalk with pollen at the top (anther)
Female – pistil – tall tube (style) with sticky top (stigma) and a hollow base (ovary) at the bottom

49. Angiosperms - Reproduction
Pollination:
1 – pollen “falls” on a stigma
2 – pollen travels to the ovary where fertilization occurs
3 – the zygote develops into an embryo

50. Angiosperms - Pollination
The odor of a flower and the color of the petals attract insects and other animals to ensure pollination.
The insects come to get the nectar deep inside the flower.

51. Angiosperms - Pollination
Pollination may occur by wind, insects, bats, birds, etc.
Pollen is carried from plant to plant, but fertilization only occurs in plants that are similar to each other.

52. Angiosperms - Pollination
Fruit – ripened ovary and other structures that enclose one or more seeds.
Poor pollination
Unfertilized ovaries
Good pollination

53. Angiosperms - Fruit
Rose hips

54. Angiosperm seeds
Monocots – angiosperms with one seed leaf (one cotyledon)
flowers usually have 3 petals or a multiple of 3
Long slender leaves with parallel veins
scattered vascular tissue
Ex. Corn, rice, lilies, tulips

55. Monocots
Petals form in multiples of 3.
Peace Lily Siberian Iris

56. Angiosperm seeds
Dicots - angiosperms with two seed leaves (two cotyledons)
flowers often have 4 to 5 petals or a multiple of 4 or 5
wide leaves with branching veins
vascular tissue arranged in a circle
Ex. Roses, dandelions, maple trees, beans, apples

57. Dicots Petals form in multiples of 4 or 5.
Footsteps-of-Spring Cinquefoil Geranium

59. Angiosperms Angiosperms give us products such as…
food, clothing, medicine, furniture
cotton, flax, rubber, aspirin, cortisone
Cherry wood table
Rubber plant

60. Who am I? 1. I am a plant that uses cones to reproduce.
2. I am a flowering plant.
3. I grow around seeds so that animals will eat me.

61. Who am I? 4. I hold the pollen in a flower.
5. I keep the eggs safe until they are fertilized.
6. I am the sticky part of a female reproductive structure in a flower.

62. Who am I?
7. I am the process in which the pollen grains are trapped on the sticky part in #6.
8. I am the part of the plant that is colorful and attracts insects.

63. Photosynthesis Plants make their own food (glucose)
Chloroplasts, found in the cells of a leaf, contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that absorbs light energy
During this process, plants use carbon dioxide from the air (taken in through stomata), sunlight (taken in through the leaves), and water (taken in through the roots) to make sugar in the leaves

64. Photosynthesis
Oxygen is also produced. It is released into the air through the stomata
Photosynthesis is important because it provides oxygen to our atmosphere
Photosynthesis is also important because it directly or indirectly provides food for many organisms

65. Photosynthesis
Glucose Produced
sunlight
Carbon dioxide
oxygen
water

66. Photosynthesis This process can only happen in chloroplasts
(because of the chlorophyll).
Water + sunlight + carbon dioxide
food + oxygen
H2O + sunlight + CO sugar + O2
chlorophyll
chlorophyll

67. RESPIRATION
The food created through photosynthesis is used to provide energy needed by the plants
To obtain the energy from the food it produces, plants must break down the sugar in the cells in a process called respiration
In this process, oxygen from the air combines with the sugar, which is broken down into carbon dioxide and water

68. Food combines with sugar
Respiration
During this process energy is released. This energy can be used by the plant to perform life functions
Energy released
Carbon dioxide
Food combines with sugar
WATER

69. Respiration Glucose + oxygen ------ carbon dioxide + water +energy
Respiration is important because it changes food energy into a form all cells can use.

70. TRANSPIRATION Plants take in water through their roots
They must lose some of the water through their leaves (TRANSPIRATION)
Guard cells open and close the stomata. When the stomata are closed water cannot escape the leaf.
Without a way to control transpiration, plants would wither up and die

71. Plant Responses Stimulus Response
A change in the environment that causes a response or reaction
Response
the reaction or reply to the change in the environment
When a mature plant or seed is placed under favorable conditions and becomes or remains inactive, it is said to be dormant.
Ex. Trees in winter, dry beans

72. Plant Tropisms
Tropism - a plant’s growth response to a stimulus by growing toward or away from it.
Toward = positive tropism Away = negative tropism

73. Plant Tropisms Thigmotropism – touch
Vines – grow around things that they touch

74. Plant Tropisms Phototropism – light
Leaves, stems and flowers grow toward light.
Ex. Sunflowers – the flowers turn throughout the day to always face the sun.

75. Plant Tropisms Geotropism – gravity Roots show positive geotropism
they grow toward the direction of gravity.
Stems show negative geotropism
they grow away from the direction of gravity.

76. Plant Tropisms
Hydrotropism –
Roots grow toward water.

77. Plant Reproduction
SEXUAL-process that involves a sperm cell (in pollen) and an egg cell (in the ovule). Two parents are involved and the offspring is not identical to the parents.
ASEXUAL-involves only one parent plant or plant part and produces offspring identical to the parent
Many plants grow new plants asexually from their plant parts
If a plant is cut or damaged, it can sprout new growth from the stems, roots, or leaves

78. Plant Reproduction Runners
Strawberries and some ivy grow from the tips of runners. Many lawn grasses grow from runners.

79. Plant Reproduction 2. Bulbs 3. Tubers -Underground stems
-The “eyes” or buds of tubers, i.e. potatoes, grow into roots and shoots to produce a new plant
2. Bulbs
3. Tubers

80. PLANT REPRODUCTION 4. Stem cuttings
~When a piece of cut stem is planted, roots may form from the cutting, and then a full plant develops
~EX: Sugar cane and pineapple

81. Plant Reproduction 5. ROOTS
~Some fruit trees and bushes send up “suckers” or
New shoots from the roots
~Some plants have roots that can produce new plants
From root pieces, such as a sweet potato

82. PLANT REPRODUCTION 6. LEAVES
~Some houseplants produce little plants right on their leaves.
~EX: African Violets can produce plants from leaves placed on top of soil

83. FUNGI Read 54-57 “Fungi and Plants”
Many types of fungi must grow in or on other organisms, such as plants
EX: Grain mold, corn smut, and wheat rust
Fungi can causes diseases in plants, which could result in huge crop losses.

84. FUNGI
Diseases caused by fungi may also affect other important crops, such as rice, cotton, rye, and soybeans
If a fungus infects a tree, fruit or grass, it can eventually kill the plant
Wheat Rust-----

86. FUNGI
Even though fungi can be harmful to plants, they are also helpful as decomposers, as a source of penicillin (medicine), and as food.

87. Plants