1. AP Human Geography Development - Chapter 9 Development
APHG
Spring 2013
llhammon Spring 2013

2. Earth at Night (NASA)

3. Key Issues Why does development vary among countries?
Where are more and less developed countries distributed?
Why do less developed countries face obstacles to development?

4. Development
The process of improving the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology.
More developed countries (MDCs)
AKA developed countries
Lesser developed countries (LDCs)
AKA emerging, newly industrialized, or developing countries

5. Why Does Development Vary Between Countries?
Economic indicators of development
The Human Development Index (HDI)
Four factors used to assess a country’s level of development
Economic = (1) gross domestic product (GDP) per capita
Social = (2) literacy and (3) = amount of education
Demographic = (4) life expectancy

6. Human Development Index
Developed by the United Nations, the HDI combines several measures of
development: life expectancy at birth, adjusted GDP per capita, and knowledge
(schooling and literacy). /

7. Indicators of Development
Economic indicators of development
Gross domestic product per capita
Types of jobs (economic structure)
Worker productivity
Access to Raw materials
Availability of Consumer goods
Social indicators of development
Education and literacy (levels)
Health and welfare
Demographic indicators of development
Life expectancy – Infant mortality rate
Natural increase rate – Crude birth rate*

8. How do you Define and Measure Development?
Gumballs

9. Measuring Development
Gross National Income (GNI)
Measure of the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country.
** Most common measurement used today.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced by the citizens and corporations of a country in a given year.

10. Motor Vehicles per 1,000 Persons
Good indicator of development

11. Social indicators of development
Education and literacy
The literacy rate
Health and welfare
Diet (adequate calories)
Access to health care

12. Students Per Teacher, Primary School
Students per teacher, primary school level. Primary school teachers have
much larger class sizes in LDCs than in MDCs, partly because of the large
numbers of young people in the population

13. Persons per Physician
There is a physician for every 500 or fewer people in most MDCs, while
thousands of people share a doctor on average in LDCs.

14. Calories per Capita
Daily available calories per capita as percent of requirements. In MDCs, the
average person consumes one-third or more over the required average minimum,
while in LDCs, the average person gets only the minimum requirement or less.

15. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
Demographic indicators of development
Life expectancy
Babies born today in MDCs have a life expectancy in the 70s; babies born in LDCs, in the 60s and in some countries the 40s.
Other demographic indicators:
Infant mortality
Natural increase
Crude birth rate (this is not an indicator of development)

16. Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed?
More developed regions
North America and Europe
Other MDCs with high HDI = Russia, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand.
Less developed regions
Latin America =highest HDI among LDCs
SW Asia, SE Asia, Central Asia = similar HDI
South Asia and sub-Saharan = low levels of development

17. North America (aka Anglo Am.)
Well endowed with minerals and natural resources – important for manufacturing.
Americans remain leading consumers and world’s largest market for many products produced elsewhere.
Region has adapted relatively successfully to global eco. – because leading provider of many computing info and other high tech services as well as entertainment, mass media, sports, recreation, and other services that promote leisure time.
Most important good exporter – only region that could significantly expand the amount of land devoted to agriculture.

18. Western Europe
On global scale displays cultural unity, but some of the diversity of individual languages and religions can be a source of conflict.
Competition caused many wars (WWI & II)
Level of development is world’s highest in a core area (W. Germany, NE France, N Italy, Switzerland, S. Scandinavia, SE UK, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg.
Regions peripheral areas lag somewhat.
Must import food, energy, minerals.
Provides high-value goods and services.
EU eliminated eco barriers – one of the world’s richest market and the largest.

19. Central Europe (aka Eastern Europe)
Central Europe’s rapidly declining HDI is a legacy of the region’s history of communist rule.
The communist promoted development during the 1950’s and 1960’s through economies directed by government officials rather than private entrepreneurs.
Central Europe’s countries in the 1990’s dismantled the economic structure inherited from the communist.
Aside from the desire for freedom, Central Europeans rejected communism was that central planning proved to be disastrous at running national economies.

20. Japan
Japan’s development is especially remarkable because it has an extremely unfavorable ratio of population resources.
Japan is one of the world’s leading steel producers, it must import all the coal and iron ore needed for steel production.
Having gained ground in the global economy by selling low-cost product, Japan then began to specialize in high quality products.
Japan’s dominance was achieved by concentrating resources in rigorous educational systems and training programs to create a skilled labor force.

21. Latin America Culturally diverse
Latin Americans are more likely to live in urban areas than people in other developing countries.
Population is highly concentrated around the Atlantic Ocean
Mexico’s development has been aided by what???
Development is lower in Central America, the Caribbean islands, and the interior of South America.

22. East Asia
China, the largest country in East Asia, ranks among the poorest.
Within a few years China is projected to exceed the United States as the world’s largest economy. What does this mean??
In 1949, the Communist government took control of most agriculture land and farmers had to pay high rents.
Because of governmental controls, China has a lower natural increase rate than other LDCs.

23. Southeast Asia Region has suffered from a half of century of war.
Region’s tropical climate limits intensive cultivation of most grains.
Economic development is also limited in Southeast Asia by several mountain ranges, active volcanoes, and frequent typhoons.
Population growth as increased due to western medicine.
Corrupt governments have delayed Southeast Asia’s development.

24. Middle East Much of the land is desert
Most products imported but one major economic asset – What?
ME only region in which development is not hindered by lack of capital for new construction.
Larges gap in per capita income between petro rich and those lacking resources causes great tension.
Challenge – promote development without abandoning the traditional culture values of Islam.
Low level of literacy among women is main reason UN considers these petro-rich states to be lower than wealth would indicate.

25. South Asia World’s second highest population
Second-lowest per capita income
India’s overall population to resources is unfavorable.
Area is the main beneficiary of “Green Revolution”

26. Sub-Saharan Africa
Population density is lower than any other less developed region. The region contains many mineral resources important for economic development.
Some of the region’s economic problems are a legacy of the colonial era. Why????
Political problems have also plagued this geographical realm.
European colonies were converted to states without regard for the distribution of ethnicities.

27. Minerals in Africa
Although several African countries have important minerals, the world
prices of many of these have lagged the prices of industrial products,
services, and energy.

28. Africa’s Internal Conflicts

29. Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?
Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
Compares the level of women’s development with that of both sexes
Four measures (similar to HDI):
Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes
Number of females enrolled in school compared to the number of males
Percent of literate females to literate males
Life expectancy of females to males
Highest - Norway; Lowest – Sub-Saharan Africa

30. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
The GDI combines four measures of development, reduced by the degree
of disparity between males and females.

31. Female–Male Income Differences
Women’s income is lower than men’s in all countries, but the gender gap is
especially high in parts of the Middle East, South Asia, and Latin America.

32. Gender Differences in School Enrollment
As many or more girls than boys are enrolled in school in more developed
countries, but fewer girls than boys are enrolled in many LDCs.

33. gender gaps in parts of the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia.
Female Literacy Rates
Female literacy is lower than male literacy in many LDCs, with significant
gender gaps in parts of the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia.

34. men and women in many LDCs.
Male Literacy Rates
There is a gap in literacy rates between MDCs and LDCs as well as between
men and women in many LDCs.

35. Life Expectancy and Gender
Women’s life expectancy is several years longer than men’s in MDCs, but only
slightly longer in many LDCs.

36. Progress Toward Development

37. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Development through self-sufficiency
Characteristics:
Pace of development = modest
Distribution of development = even
Barriers are established to protect local business
Three most common barriers = (1) tariffs, (2) quotas, and (3) restricting the number of importers
Two major problems with this approach:
Inefficient businesses are protected
A large bureaucracy is developed

38. Development through international trade
Rostow’s model of development
Examples of international trade approach
The “four Asian dragons”
Petroleum-rich Arabian Peninsula states
Three major problems:
Uneven resource distribution
Increased dependence on MDCs
Market decline

39. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
International trade approach triumphs
The path most commonly selected by the end of the twentieth century
Countries convert because evidence indicates that international trade is the more effective path toward development
Example: India
World Trade Organization
Foreign direct investment

40. Triumph of International Trade Approach

41. Foreign Direct Investment

42. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Financing development
LDCs require money to fund development
Two sources of funds:
Loans
The World Bank and the IMF
Structural adjustment programs
Foreign direct investment from transnational corporations

43. Debt as Percent of Income
Many developing countries have accumulated large debts relative to their GDPs.
Much of their budgets now must be used to finance their debt.

45. Is the idea of economic development inherently Western
Is the idea of economic development inherently Western? If the West (North America and Europe) were not encouraging the “developing world” to “develop,” how would people in the regions of the “developing world” think about their own economies?

46. What does Development Mean?
Development implies “progress”
-Progress in what?
-Do all cultures view development the same way?
-Do all cultures “value” the same kinds of development?

47. How does Geography affect Development?
Dependency Theory
The political and economic relationships between countries and regions of the world control and limit the economic development possibilities of poorer areas.
-- Economic structures make poorer countries dependent on wealthier countries.
- Little hope for economic prosperity in poorer countries.

48. Governments and Corporations can create Islands of Development
Places within a region or country where foreign investment, jobs, and infrastructure are concentrated.

49. Government-created Island of Development
Malaysian government built a new, ultramodern capital at Putrjaya to symbolize the country’s rapid economic growth.

50. Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
entities that operate independent of state and local governments, typically, NGOs are non-profit organizations. Each NGO has its own focus/set of goals.
Microcredit program:
loans given to poor people, particularly women, to encourage development of small businesses.