1. Chapter 9: Development: The Cultural Landscape- An Introduction to Human Geography

2. Chapter 9: Development: Introduction
First half of the book focused on global demographics and cultural patterns
The second half focuses on fundamental economic elements of Human Geography
Development: The process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology
More developed countries (MDCs)
AKA developed countries
Lesser developed countries (LDCs)
AKA emerging or developing countries
First geographic task: Discover where LDCs and MDCs are located
Essential Question: Why are some regions more developed than others?

3. Key Issue 1: Why Does Development Vary Between Countries?
Economic Indicators of Development
Social Indicators of Development
Demographic Indicators of development

4. Key Issue 1: Why Does Development Vary Between Countries?
The Human Development Index (HDI)
Created by the United Nations
Four factors used to assess a country’s level of development:
Economic = (1) gross domestic product (GDP) per capita
Social = (2) literacy and (3) amount of education
Demographic = (4) life expectancy
The four factors are combined to produce a country’s HDI.
The highest HDI is 1.0 or 100%
The highest ranking countries are typically in Europe
Recently the highest ranked is Norway: 0.97 (2009)
Thirty of the lowest ranked are in sub-Saharan Africa
The lowest ranked is Niger: (2009)

5. Human Development Index
Figure 9-1

6. Key Issue 1: Why Does Development Vary Between Countries
Key Issue 1: Why Does Development Vary Between Countries? Economic indicators of development
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita
GDP: total output of goods and services produced by a country in a normal year
Dividing the GDP by the total population measures the contribution of the average individual toward generating a country’s wealth in a year
Other economic indicators are:
Types of jobs:
Primary (including agricultural)
Extract materials from the earth: agriculture, mining, fishing, forestry
Secondary (including manufacturing)
Workers transform and assemble raw material s into useful products
Tertiary (including services)
Provision of goods and services in exchange for payment: banking, law, education, government
Productivity:
-The value of a product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it
-Workers in MDC produce more with less effort because of access to machines, tools, and equipment
Consumer Goods:
-Wealth generated in MDCs is used to purchase goods and services
- Especially important: Goods related to communications (telephones and computers) and transportation (motor vehicles)

7. Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons
Figure 9-4

8. Key Issue 1: Why Does Development Vary Between Countries
Key Issue 1: Why Does Development Vary Between Countries? Social indicators of development
Education and Literacy, Health and Welfare
MDCs use part of their wealth to provide schools, hospitals and welfare services
As a result people are better educated, healthier, and better protected from hardships
Infants are more likely to survive and adults are more likely to live longer
Education and Literacy
2 measures collected: Student/Teacher ration and Literacy Rate
Student Teacher ration: for Primary Grades, over 30 for LDCs and less than 20 for MDCs
More likely to receive individual attention
Literacy Rate: People in a country who can read and write
Exceeds 98 % in MDCs and less than 60% for LDCs
Health and Welfare
MDCs: part of their wealth pays for people who can’t care for themselves
In most MDCs health care is a public service available at little or no cost
MDCs: Most governments pay more than 70% of health care (USA is the exception)
LDCs: Private individuals pay for more than half
Health of a population is influenced by diet
On average, people in MDCs receive more calories and protein than they need
People in LDCs receive less than they need.

9. Students Per Teacher, Primary School
Figure 9-6

10. Key Issue 1: Why Does Development Vary Between Countries
Key Issue 1: Why Does Development Vary Between Countries? Demographic indicators of development
MDCs display demographic differences from LDCs.
The UN’s HDI uses Life Expectancy as a measure of development
Characteristics from Chapter 2 distinguish between more and less developed nations
Life Expectancy
Chapter 2: defined as the average number of years a newborn can expect to live
LDCs: Babies can expect to live into their 60s; MDCs: into their 70s
With longer life, MDCs have a higher rate of older people
This equates to more retired people on public support
LDCs have 6 times as many young people as old
Infant Mortality Rate
MDCs: better health and welfare permit more babies to survive infancy
MDCs: 99.5 % survive, less than ½ of 1% perish
LDCs: Infant mortality rate is greater
LDCs: 94% survive, 6 percent perish
Malnutrition, lack of medicine needed to survive illness (dehydration from diarrhea)
Natural Increase Rate
Natural increase of the population
LDCs: 1.5 %; MDCs: 0.2 %
Increases need for services that make people healthy and more productive
Crude Birth Rate
LDCs: 23 per 1,000; MDCs: 12 per 1,000

11. Key Issue 2: Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed?

12. Key Issue 2:Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed?
More developed regions
North America= HDI 0.95
Europe= HDI 0.93
Other= Russia: HDI 0.73, Japan: HDI 0.96, Oceania: HDI 0.90
Less developed regions
Latin America = highest HDI among LDCs= HDI 0.82
Southwest Asia and North Africa = HDI 0.74
Southeast Asia = HDI: 0.73
Central Asia = HDI: 0.70
South Asia = HDI 0.61
Sub-Saharan Africa= HDI: 0.51

13. Key Issue 3: Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?
Gender-related development index
Gender empowerment

14. Key Issue 3: Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?
Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
Compares the level of women’s development with that of both sexes
Four measures (similar to HDI):
Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes
Number of females enrolled in school compared to the number of males
Percent of literate females to literate males
Life expectancy of females to males

15. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
Figure 9-17

16. Demographic Indicator of Gender Difference: Life Expectancy
Figure 9-21

17. Key Issue 3: Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
Compares the decision-making capabilities of men and women in politics and economics
Uses economic and political indicators:
Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes
Percentage of technical and professional jobs held by women
Percentage of administrative jobs held by women
Percentage of women holding national office

18. Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
Figure 9-22

19. Economic Indicator of Empowerment: Professionals
Figure 9-23

20. Progress Toward Development
Figure 9-26

21. Key Issue 4: Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Development through self-sufficiency
Development through international trade
International trade approach triumphs
Financing development
Fair trade
To reduce differences between rich and poor countries LDCs must develop more rapidly by increasing per capita GDP
To promote development, LDCs choose one of two models to follow:
One emphasis international trade, the other self sufficiency

22. Key Issue 4: Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Development through self-sufficiency
A country should spread investments equally across all sectors of their economy and in all regions
If this occurs the following Characteristics should be evident:
Pace of development = modest
Distribution of development = even
Barriers are established to protect local business by isolating them from international corporations
Three most common barriers = (1) tariffs, (2) quotas, and (3) restricting the number of importers
Two major problems with this approach:
Inefficient businesses are protected
A large bureaucracy is developed

23. Key Issue 4: Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Development through international trade calls for a country to identify its distinctive or unique economic assets
Rostow’s model of development(1950s)
All countries fall somewhere in five stages; MDCs: stage 4 or 5, LDCs: stage 1, 2 , or 3.
The assumption is LDCs will achieve development; MDCs passed through all stages at one time
Five stage model of development
Traditional Society: Not yet started to develop, high percentage of people involved in agriculture, national wealth allocated to military and religion
Preconditions for Take-off: an elite group initiates development through investing in new technology and infrastructure; an increase of productivity is the result
The Take-off: Rapid growth begins in a limited number of economic activities. Other societal sectors remain traditional
The drive to maturity: Modern technology diffuses to wide variety of industries promoting rapid growth. Workers become skilled and specialized.
The age of mass-consumption: the economy shifts from production of heavy industry to consumer goods

24. Key Issue 4: Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Development through international trade
Most developing countries follow self sufficiency approach
Examples of international trade approach (mid 20th Century)
The “four Asian dragons” (four little tigers, the gang of four)
South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, then British colony of Hong Kong
Singapore and Hong Kong had no natural resources
South Korea and Taiwan followed Japan’s lead in trade
Concentrated on trade of manufactured goods (clothing and electronics)
Petroleum-rich Arabian Peninsula states
Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, and the UAE
Once among the least developed countries, transformed over night into some of the wealthiest due to oil resources
Three major problems:
Uneven resource distribution:
Increased dependence on MDCs
Market decline

25. Key Issue 4:Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
International trade approach triumphs
The path most commonly selected by the end of the twentieth century
Countries convert because evidence indicates that international trade is the more effective path toward development
Trade has increased more rapidly than wealth as a result of the importance of the international trade approach
Example: India
Foreign factories set up shop in India
Tariffs on import/export were reduced or eliminated
Monopolies were eliminated on communications and insurance
Competition has increase the products coming out of India
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Through the WTO, countries work to eliminate trade restrictions on goods
They also work to eliminate restrictions on the movement of money by individuals and corporations
The WTO also works to keep trade agreements
Foreign direct investment (FDI)
An investment of money by one country in another country
Most investments go between MDCs

26. Triumph of International Trade Approach
Figure 9-28
Figure 9-27

27. Foreign Direct Investment
Figure 9-30

28. Key Issue 4: Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Financing development
LDCs obtain money from MDCs to fund development
Two sources of funds:
Loans
The World Bank includes International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA): provides loans for countries to reform government and legal institutions
IMF: Provides loans experiencing payment problems
Foreign direct investment from transnational corporations
Structural adjustment programs: Provide cancelation and restructuring of loans with out penaties

29. Debt as a Percentage of Income
Figure 9-31

30. Key Issue 4: Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Fair trade approach
Products are made and traded in a way that protects workers and small businesses in LDCs
Two sets of standards
Fair trade producer standards
Fair trade worker standards
Producers and workers usually earn more
Consumers usually pay higher prices

31. Core and Periphery Model
Figure 9-32

32. The End.
Up next: Agriculture