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2. Standardized Test Prep Image and Math Focus Bank
Resources
Chapter Presentation
Bellringers
Transparencies
Standardized Test Prep
Image and Math Focus Bank
CNN Videos
Visual Concepts

3. Chapter 12 Table of Contents Section 1 What is a Plant?
The World of Life Science
Table of Contents
Section 1 What is a Plant?
Section 2 Seedless Plants
Section 3 Seed Plants
Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants
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4. Chapter 12
Section 1 What is a Plant?
Bellringer
There are four major types of plants. Identify the types and give at least two examples of each one.
Record your response in your science journal.
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5. Chapter 12
Section 1 What is a Plant?
Objectives
Identify four characteristics that all plants share.
Describe the four main groups of plants.
Explain the origin of plants.
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6. Plant Characteristics
Chapter 12
Section 1 What is a Plant?
Plant Characteristics
Photosynthesis Plants use energy from sunlight to make food from carbon dioxide and water. This process is called photosynthesis.
Cuticles A cuticle is a waxy layer that coats most of the surfaces of plants that are exposed to air.
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7. Plant Characteristics, continued
Chapter 12
Section 1 What is a Plant?
Plant Characteristics, continued
Cell Walls Plant cells are surrounded by a rigid cell wall.
Reproduction Plants have two stages in their life cycle— the sporophyte stage and the gametophyte stage.
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8. Chapter 12
Section 1 What is a Plant? ?

9. Chapter 12 Plant Classification
Section 1 What is a Plant?
Plant Classification
Nonvascular Plants A nonvascular plant is a plant that doesn’t have specialized tissues to move water and nutrients through the plant.
Vascular Plants A plant that has tissues to deliver water and nutrients from one part of the plant to another is called a vascular plants.
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10. Chapter 12
Section 1 What is a Plant? ?

11. Chapter 12 The Origin of Plants
Section 1 What is a Plant?
The Origin of Plants
Plants Are Cousins of Green Algae Because they exhibit many similarities, scientists think that green algae and plants share a common ancestor.
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12. Chapter 12
Section 2 Seedless Plants
Bellringer
If plants can make their own food, why do people add fertilizer to the soil?
Write your response in your science journal.
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13. Chapter 12
Section 2 Seedless Plants
Objectives
List three nonvascular plants and three seedless vascular plants.
Explain how seedless plants are important to the environment.
Describe the relationship between seedless vascular plants and coal.
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14. Chapter 12 Nonvascular Plants
Section 2 Seedless Plants
Nonvascular Plants
Mosses Mosses often live together in large groups. They cover soil or rocks with a mat of tiny green plants.
Mosses have leafy stalks and rhizoids. A rhizoid is a rootlike structure that holds the plants in place and helps plants get water and nutrients.
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15. Nonvascular Plants, continued
Chapter 12
Section 2 Seedless Plants
Nonvascular Plants, continued
Ferns Ferns grow in many places, from the cold arctic to humid tropical forests.
Most ferns have a rhizome. A rhizome is a horizontal, underground stem that produces new leaves, shoots, and roots.
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16. Nonvascular Plants, continued
Chapter 12
Section 2 Seedless Plants
Nonvascular Plants, continued
Liverworts and Hornworts Like mosses, liverworts and hornworts are usually small, nonvascular plants that usually live in damp places.
The Importance of Nonvascular Plants Nonvascular plants are usually the first plants to live in a new environment, such as newly exposed rock. When these nonvascular plants die, they form a thin layer of soil.
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17. Chapter 12
Section 2 Seedless Plants

18. Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
Chapter 12
Section 2 Seedless Plants
Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
The Importance of Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns, horsetails, and club mosses help form soil. They also help prevent soil erosion.
Some ferns and horsetails can be eaten. Horsetails are used in dietary supplements, shampoos, and skin-care products.
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19. Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
Chapter 12
Section 2 Seedless Plants
Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
The remains of ferns, horsetails, and club mosses that lived and died 300 million years ago formed coal. Humans rely on coal for energy.
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20. Chapter 12
Section 3 Seed Plants
Bellringer
If plants cannot move, how do they disperse their seeds?
Record your response in your science journal.
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21. Chapter 12
Section 3 Seed Plants
Objectives
Describe three ways that seed plants differ from seedless plants.
Describe the structure of seeds.
Compare angiosperms and gymnosperms.
Explain the economic and environmental importance of gymnosperms and angiosperms..
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22. Characteristics of Seed Plants
Chapter 12
Section 3 Seed Plants
Characteristics of Seed Plants
Seed plants differ from seedless plants in the following ways:
Seed plants produce seeds.
The gametophytes of seed plants do not live independently of the sporophyte.
The sperm of seed plants do not need water to reach an egg.
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23. Chapter 12 The Structure of Seeds
Section 3 Seed Plants
The Structure of Seeds
A seed is made up of three parts. The first part is a young plant, or the sporophyte. The second part is stored food. Finally, a seed coat surrounds and protects the young plant.
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24. Chapter 12
Section 3 Seed Plants
The Structure of a Seed

25. Gymnosperms, continued
Chapter 12
Section 3 Seed Plants
Gymnosperms, continued
The Importance of Gymnosperms Conifers are the most economically important gymnosperms. People use conifer wood for building materials and paper products.
Resin, a sticky fluid produced by pine trees, is used to make soap, turpentine, paint, and ink.
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26. Gymnosperms, continued
Chapter 12
Section 3 Seed Plants
Gymnosperms, continued
Gymnosperm Life Cycle Sperm from pollen in the male cone fertilize the eggs of the female cone. A fertilized egg develops into a young sporophyte within the female cone.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structures to the female structures of seed plants.
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27. Chapter 12
Section 3 Seed Plants

28. Chapter 12
Section 3 Seed Plants
Angiosperms
Angiosperms are vascular plants that produce flowers and fruit.
Angiosperm Reproduction Flowers help angiosperms reproduce. Flowers attract animals that help spread pollen.
Fruits surround and protect the seeds.These fruits help angiosperms distribute their seeds.
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29. Angiosperms, continued
Chapter 12
Section 3 Seed Plants
Angiosperms, continued
Two Kinds of Angiosperms Angiosperms are divided into two classes— monocots and dicots. The next slide shows the two kinds of angiosperms.
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30. Chapter 12
Section 3 Seed Plants

31. Angiosperms, continued
Chapter 12
Section 3 Seed Plants
Angiosperms, continued
The Importance of Angiosperms Flowering plants provide many land animals with the food they need to survive.
People use flowering plants in many ways. Major food crops, such as corn, wheat, and rice, are flowering plants.
Flowering plants are used to make cloth fibers, rope, medicines, rubber, perfume oil, and building materials.
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32. Chapter 12 Bellringer Why do cactuses have spines?
Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants
Bellringer
Why do cactuses have spines?
Write an answer in your science journal.
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33. Chapter 12
Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants
Objectives
List three functions of roots and three functions of stems.
Describe the structure of a leaf.
Identify the parts of a flower and their functions.
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34. Chapter 12 There are two types of vascular tissue in plants:
Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants
There are two types of vascular tissue in plants:
Xylem is the type of tissue in vascular plants that provides support and conducts water and nutrients from the roots.
Phloem is the tissue that conducts food in vascular plants.
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35. Transporting Materials Throughout the Plant
Chapter 12
Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants
Transporting Materials Throughout the Plant
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key.
Visual Concept
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36. Chapter 12
Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants
Roots
Root Functions The following are the main functions of roots:
Roots supply plants with water and dissolved minerals.
Roots hold plants securely in the soil.
Roots store surplus food made during photosynthesis
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37. Chapter 12 Roots, continued
Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants
Roots, continued
Root Structure The layers of cells that cover the surface of the roots is called the epidermis.
After water and minerals are absorbed by the epidermis, they diffuse into the center of the root where the vascular tissue is located.
A root cap can be found at the end of the root. The root cap protects the tip and helps the root continue to grow.
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38. Chapter 12
Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

39. Chapter 12 Roots, continued
Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants
Roots, continued
Root Systems There are two kinds of root systems— taproot systems and fibrous root systems.
Taproot systems have a main root, or tap root, that grows downward. Dicots and gymnosperms usually have tap root systems.
Fibrous systems have several roots that spread out from the base of the stem. Monocots usually have fibrous root systems.
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40. Chapter 12
Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants
Stems
Stem Functions A stem connects a plant’s roots to its leaves and flowers. A stem also has the following functions:
Stems support the plant body.
Stems transport materials between the root system and the shoot system.
Some stems store materials.

41. Chapter 12 Stems, continued
Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants
Stems, continued
Herbaceous Stem Many plants have stems that are soft, thin, and flexible. These stems are called herbaceous stems. A cross section of an herbaceous stem is shown on the next slide.

42. Chapter 12
Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

43. Chapter 12 Stems, continued
Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants
Stems, continued
Woody Stems Trees and shrubs have rigid stems made of wood and bark. These stems are called woody stems.

44. Chapter 12
Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

45. Chapter 12
Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants
Leaves
Leaf Functions The main function of leaves is to make food for the plant.
Leaf Structure The structure of leaves, shown on the next slide, is related to their main function— photosynthesis.
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46. Chapter 12
Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

47. Chapter 12 Leaves, continued
Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants
Leaves, continued
Leaf Adaptations Some leaves have functions other than photosynthesis.
The leaves of many cactuses are modified as spines. These spines keep animals from eating the cactuses.
The leaves of sundews are modified to catch insects, which the sundew digests.
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48. Chapter 12 Flowers Flowers are adaptations for sexual reproduction.
Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants
Flowers
Flowers are adaptations for sexual reproduction.
Sepals and Petals The modified leaves that make up the outermost ring of flower parts and protect the bud are called sepals.
Petals are broad, flat, thin leaflike parts of a flower.
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49. Chapter 12 Flowers, continued
Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants
Flowers, continued
Stamens and Pistils The male reproductive structure of a flower is called a stamen.
A Pistil is the female reproductive structure of a flower.
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50. Chapter 12
Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

51. Chapter 12 Flowers, continued
Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants
Flowers, continued
The Importance of Flowers Flowers help plants reproduce.
Humans use flowers for arrangement. Flowers are also used to make spices, perfumes, and lotions.
Broccoli, cauliflower, and artichokes are flowers that people eat. Chamomile and hibiscus flowers are used to make tea.
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52. Chapter 12
The World of Life Science
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.
Angiosperms
Vascular
Plants
Sporophyte
Pollen
Gametophyte
Xylem
Nonvascular

53. Chapter 12
The World of Life Science

54. Chapter 12
The World of Life Science

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56. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
Reading
Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage.

57. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 1 Through genetic engineering, scientists are now able to duplicate one organism’s DNA and place a certain gene from
the DNA into the cells of another species of plant or animal. This technology enables scientists to give plants and animals a new
trait that can then be passed on to future generations. There are two methods to introduce new DNA into plant cells.
Continued on the next slide

58. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 1, continued In one method, DNA is first placed inside a special bacterium, which carries the DNA into the plant cell. In the second method,
microscopic particles of metal are coated with the new DNA and fired into the plant cells with a device called a gene gun.

59. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Based on the passage, what does genetic engineering allow scientists to do?
A to breed better plants
B to move genes from one organism to another
C to see a very small object without a microscope
D to grow plants without soil

60. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Based on the passage, what does genetic engineering allow scientists to do?
A to breed better plants
B to move genes from one organism to another
C to see a very small object without a microscope
D to grow plants without soil

61. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
2. In the passage, what does the word species most likely mean?
F DNA
G future generations
H group of organisms
I genes

62. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
2. In the passage, what does the word species most likely mean?
F DNA
G future generations
H group of organisms
I genes

63. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Based on the passage, what are the two most common ways genes are moved to plant cells?
A by bacteria and fungi
B by bacteria and a gene gun
C by fungi and a gene gun
D by particles of metal and a gene gun

64. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Based on the passage, what are the two most common ways genes are moved to plant cells?
A by bacteria and fungi
B by bacteria and a gene gun
C by fungi and a gene gun
D by particles of metal and a gene gun

65. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 2 The main function of leaves is photosynthesis, or the production of food. However, some leaves have functions other than photosynthesis. For example, the leaves on a cactus plant are modified as spines. These spines discourage animals from eating the cactus. The leaves of another plant, the sundew, are modified to catch insects. Sundews live in areas with nitrogen- poor soil. They don’t get enough nitrogen from the soil to meet their needs. So, the plants use their modified leaves to catch insects. Then, the sundews digest the insects to get the nitrogen they need to survive.

66. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Based on the passage, which of the following statements about photosynthesis is true?
A Photosynthesis produces modified leaves.
B Photosynthesis is how plants catch insects for food.
C Photosynthesis discourages animals from eating plants.
D Photosynthesis is how plants get food.

67. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Based on the passage, which of the following statements about photosynthesis is true?
A Photosynthesis produces modified leaves.
B Photosynthesis is how plants catch insects for food.
C Photosynthesis discourages animals from eating plants.
D Photosynthesis is how plants get food.

68. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Based on the passage, what do the modified leaves of cactuses?
F They discourage animals from eating them.
G They catch insects for nitrogen.
H They function mainly for photosynthesis.
I They help cactuses get enough nitrogen from the soil.

69. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Based on the passage, what do the modified leaves of cactuses?
F They discourage animals from eating them.
G They catch insects for nitrogen.
H They function mainly for photosynthesis.
I They help cactuses get enough nitrogen from the soil.

70. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Based on the passage, what can be concluded about pitcher plants if they capture insects?
A They grow in areas with nitrogen-poor soil.
B They are trying to discourage animals from eating them.
C They don’t need nitrogen from insects to survive.
D They have leaves that are modified as spines.

71. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Based on the passage, what can be concluded about pitcher plants if they capture insects?
A They grow in areas with nitrogen-poor soil.
B They are trying to discourage animals from eating them.
C They don’t need nitrogen from insects to survive.
D They have leaves that are modified as spines.

72. Interpreting Graphics
Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
Interpreting Graphics
This pie graph shows the distribution of four types of plants. Use the pie graph to answer the questions that follow.

73. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Which of the following types of plants is the least common?
A ferns and their
relatives
B mosses and
their relatives
C angiosperms
D gymnosperms

74. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Which of the following types of plants is the least common?
A ferns and their
relatives
B mosses and
their relatives
C angiosperms
D gymnosperms

75. Chapter 12 2. About what percentage of plants are angiosperms? F 1%
Standardized Test Preparation
2. About what percentage of plants are angiosperms?
F 1%
G 10%
H 20%
I 80%

76. Chapter 12 2. About what percentage of plants are angiosperms? F 1%
Standardized Test Preparation
2. About what percentage of plants are angiosperms?
F 1%
G 10%
H 20%
I 80%

77. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
3. About what percentage of plants are mosses, ferns, and their relatives?
A 1%
B 10%
C 20%
D 80%

78. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
3. About what percentage of plants are mosses, ferns, and their relatives?
A 1%
B 10%
C 20%
D 80%

79. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
4. If there are about 265,000 species of plants, about how many of the species are mosses and relatives of mosses?
F 2,650 species
G 13,250 species
H 26,500 species
I 212,000 species

80. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
4. If there are about 265,000 species of plants, about how many of the species are mosses and relatives of mosses?
F 2,650 species
G 13,250 species
H 26,500 species
I 212,000 species

81. Chapter 12 Math Read each question and choose the best answer.
Standardized Test Preparation
Math
Read each question and choose the best answer.

82. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Sophie wants to plant a garden. Her garden is 25 m wide. She puts a row of plants every half meter. Every fifth row is a row of flowers. If the rest of the rows are vegetables, about how many rows of
vegetables are in the garden?
A 10 rows
B 25 rows
C 40 rows
D 50 rows

83. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Sophie wants to plant a garden. Her garden is 25 m wide. She puts a row of plants every half meter. Every fifth row is a row of flowers. If the rest of the rows are vegetables, about how many rows of
vegetables are in the garden?
A 10 rows
B 25 rows
C 40 rows
D 50 rows

84. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
2. The area of a garden is 50 m2 . If the garden is 12 m long, which of the following equations expresses the value of w, the width of the garden?
F w = 12 x 50
G w = 50 x 12
H w = 50 x 12
I w = 12 x 12

85. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
2. The area of a garden is 50 m2 . If the garden is 12 m long, which of the following equations expresses the value of w, the width of the garden?
F w = 12 x 50
G w = 50 x 12
H w = 50 x 12
I w = 12 x 12

86. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
3. There are 140 species of cycads. If 18% of gymnosperms are cycads, about how many gymnosperms are there?
A 25 gymnosperms
B 165 gymnosperms
C 775 gymnosperms
D 2,520 gymnosperms

87. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
3. There are 140 species of cycads. If 18% of gymnosperms are cycads, about how many gymnosperms are there?
A 25 gymnosperms
B 165 gymnosperms
C 775 gymnosperms
D 2,520 gymnosperms

88. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
4. A packet of cabbage seeds that contains enough seeds for two rows costs $2.00. A packet of carrots that contains enough seeds for three rows costs $2.25. If Katy wants to plant five rows of cabbage and seven rows of carrots, how much will the seeds cost?
F $12.75
G $12.00
H $8.50
I $6.00

89. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
4. A packet of cabbage seeds that contains enough seeds for two rows costs $2.00. A packet of carrots that contains enough seeds for three rows costs $2.25. If Katy wants to plant five rows of cabbage and seven rows of carrots, how much will the seeds cost?
F $12.75
G $12.00
H $8.50
I $6.00

90. Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation