1. CARBOHYDRATES

2. CARBOHYDRATES Made of C, O, H Functions: Monomers = monosaccharides
empirical formula: (CH2O)n or CnH2nOn
Functions:
Quick energy source in all organisms
Structural role (i.e. cellulose)
Cell-to-cell recognition
Monomers = monosaccharides
Polymers = polysaccharides

3. “simple carbohydrates” = SUGARS!
“complex carbohydrates” = whole grains, potatoes, beans, etc.

4. Monosaccharides (monomers)
5 carbon monosaccharides (C5H10O5)
Deoxyribose Ribose
What do you think these are involved in?

5. Monosaccharides (monomers)
6 - carbon monosaccharides (C6H12O6)
called “hexoses”
Examples
glucose
fructose,
galactose
Structural isomers = same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms

6. Glucose

7. Fructose

8. Galactose
It may look a lot like glucose, but there are differences. OH

9. Can you spot the difference?OH
Glucose
Galactose

10. Can you spot the difference?OH
Glucose
Galactose

11. Making Disaccharides
2 monomers join via _____________, results in a disaccharide.
Bonds are called glycosidic bonds.
Famous disaccarides include:
glucose + glucose = maltose
glucose + fructose = sucrose
glucose + galactose = lactose

13. Maltose - A Second Look

14. 3 Important Polysaccharides
Glycogen
Main sugar storage (in muscles & liver) of animals
Polymer of glucose
Molecule is highly branched

16. Main storage form of sugar in plants Polymer of glucose
B. Starch
Main storage form of sugar in plants
Polymer of glucose
Doesn’t branch nearly as much as glycogen

17. Starch – a polysaccharide

19. C. Cellulose 1. Structural support in plants 2. Long chains 3
C. Cellulose 1. Structural support in plants 2. Long chains 3. Linkage between carbon atoms of adjacent sugar chains is different 4. No mammal can break this bond so is therefore indigestible 5. Most prevalent polysaccharide on Earth 6. Molecule is unbranched

20. Cellulose vs. Starch Unusual / flipped glycosidic bonds of cellulose

21. Why Fibre?