2. Foreign Policy Goals Are Related

3. The Nature of Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy: The programs and policies that determine America’s relations with other nations and foreign entities
Diplomacy
Military and security policy
International human rights policies
Economic policies such as trade and international energy policy

4. Goals of Foreign Policy
Three Main Goals of U.S. Foreign Policy
Security
Economic Prosperity
Creation of a Better World

5. Goals of Foreign Policy
Security
Historically concerned with dangers posed by hostile foreign nations
Today, there is also the threat posed by non-state actors (groups other than nation-states that attempt to play a role in the international system)
The textbook mentions Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. You might want to ask students what governments or non-state actors today are of concern to the U.S.

6. Collective Security

7. Goals of Foreign Policy
Isolationism: Desire to avoid involvement in the affairs of other nations
For most of the 19th century, isolationism was the dominant U.S. foreign policy
Monroe Doctrine: The U.S. was to be the dominant power in Central and Latin America

8. Goals of Foreign Policy
WWII ended Isolationism
Isolation was replaced with deterrence
Deterrence: The development and maintenance of military strength as a means of discouraging attack

9. Goals of Foreign Policy
Preventive War (a.k.a. preemption): Policy of striking first when a nation fears that a foreign foe is contemplating hostile action
Appeasement: Effort to forestall war by giving in to the demands of a hostile power

10. Goals of Foreign Policy
The Cold War (1940s–1990s)
After WWII, the U.S. and U.S.S.R. became the world’s two superpowers
Were capable of destroying the world many times over with their nuclear arsenals
Never fought one another directly (a “hot war”), but competed for the allegiances of other countries

11. Goals of Foreign Policy
Preemption: Another term for preventative war; the willingness to strike first to prevent an enemy attack
Bush Doctrine and preemptive wars
“War on terror”
Invasion of Iraq

12. Goals of Foreign Policy
The United States’ international economic policies should promote prosperity by:
Expanding domestic employment
Maintaining access to foreign natural resources at favorable costs
Promoting foreign investment in the U.S.
Lowering prices that citizens pay for goods and services

13. Goals of Foreign Policy
World Trade
World Trade Organization (WTO): Promotes free trade and provides a dispute mechanism for members
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): Eliminated tariffs on imports between America, Canada, and Mexico

14. Goals of Foreign Policy
International Humanitarian Policies
International environmental policies
International human rights policies
International peacekeeping

15. Goals of Foreign Policy
Environmental Policy
The U.S. supports the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Montreal Protocol
However, in general, the U.S. has been unwilling to support policies that run counter to economic growth

16. Goals of Foreign Policy
The United States has traditionally been on the forefront of human rights issues
Largely because the Constitution protects U.S. citizens from discrimination against race, gender, political beliefs and religion
Yet economic and security concerns often trump human rights concerns

17. Goals of Foreign Policy
Humanitarian efforts also extend to peacekeeping
Sending troops to keep other nations from fighting one another
Often combined with efforts to protect civilians from starvation, homelessness, and abuse A

18. Who Makes American Foreign Policy?
The president and his chief advisors generally dominate on foreign policy matters
Congress plays a role
Sometimes the courts, interest groups, and public opinion can also play a role

19. Who Makes American Foreign Policy?
Presidents can be tremendously influential
Bush Doctrine: Preemptive war and unilateral military action
Obama: Emphasis on diplomacy and cooperation with allies

20. Who Makes American Foreign Policy?
Major governmental players in foreign policy
Secretaries of State, Defense, and Treasury
Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)
Director of CIA
Director of National Security Council (NSC)

21. Who Makes American Foreign Policy?

22. Principal Foreign-Policy Provisions of the Constitution
TABLE Principal Foreign-Policy Provisions of the Constitution

23. Who Makes American Foreign Policy?
The Constitution gives Congress the power to declare war
Congress controls funding for war
However, Congress rarely refuses to fund military actions the president has initiated
Senate confirms president’s nominees for all key foreign policy positions

24. Who Makes American Foreign Policy?
Interest Groups
“Single-issue” groups
National origin groups (especially Israel)
Human rights groups
Media
Negative media can lead to negative pubic opinion

25. Who Makes American Foreign Policy?
In times of crisis:
The presidency is at its strongest
The circle of influence is very constrained
Foreign actors can often constrain the options open to U.S. policy makers

26. Instruments of Modern American Foreign Policy
Diplomacy: The representation of a government to other foreign governments
United Nations: Comprised of 192 countries, each of which gets one vote

27. Instruments of Modern American Foreign Policy
The United Nations is sometimes an important instrument of American foreign policy. In trying to build international support for the U.S. case against Iraq, President Bush went before the General Assembly and urged the United Nations to compel Iraq to disarm. Two months later, the UN Security Council gave its qualified support to Bush’s position.

28. Instruments of Modern American Foreign Policy
Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)
Mechanism for governments to lend money to one another in ways that private sector markets could not
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Helps stressed nations borrow short-term funds

29. Instruments of Modern American Foreign Policy
Economic Aid
America provides $30B a year to other countries
“Carrot” to get countries to take desired actions
Economic Sanctions
“Stick” to get countries to take desired actions
Trade embargoes, bans on investment, bans on travel, freezing of assets held in banks

30. Instruments of Modern American Foreign Policy
Collective Security
OAS, NATO, ANZUS, SATO
Link the fate of one country to the rest of the members
An armed attack against any of its members “shall be considered as an attack against all…”

31. Instruments of Modern American Foreign Policy
Military Force
War is “politics by other means”
FIGURE 14.1 Military Spending, 2008
NOTE: 2008 total military spending: $1.473 trillion
SOURCE: Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, (accessed 4/22/09).
Note that the U.S. spends about as much on its military as the rest of the world combined.

32. Instruments of Modern American Foreign Policy
Arbitration: The resolution of a disagreement by a neutral third party
Seen as a “soft power” as opposed to the military
Virtually every international contract contains an arbitration mechanism