1. Catalysts of Migration
Economic conditions- poverty and a desire for opportunity.
Political conditions- persecution, expulsion, or war.
Environmental conditions-crop failures, floods, drought, environmentally induced famine.
Culture and tradition- threatened by change.
Technology-easier and cheaper transport or change in livability.
Poverty has driven millions from their homelands-North America has received many legal and illegal immigrants from Mediterranean, Caribbean, across the Rio Grande
Political-oppressive regimes-Mariel Boatlift from Cuba 125,000, Boat People from Vietnam in 1970s and 80s.
Armed Conflict-War-Rwanda-militant Hutus versus minority Tutsi and moderate Hutus-600,000 died in out migration-2 million fled to Zaire
Environmental-potato famine 1840s Ireland, also floods, drought, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc.
Threat to Culture and Tradition-India-Pakistan, Millions fled, Soviet Jews fled to Israel.
Technological advances-easier and cheaper to sail or fly, also air-conditioning made south and southwest US more desirable.
Photo is of Italian Immigrants at Ellis Island, New York in 1905.

2. Kinship links-allows migrants to communicate with family members
Chain migration-migration of people to a specific location because of relatives or members of the same nationality already there.
Step migration-short moves in stages-e.g. Brazilian family moves from village to town and then finally Sao Paulo or Rio de Janeiro
Intervening opportunity-alternative destinations that can be reached more quickly and easily and offer benefits to the migrant
Intervening obstacle-keeps migrant from reaching their original destination

3. Where have people migrated?
Europe to North America
Southern Europe to South and Central America
Britain/Ireland to Africa and Australia
Africa to Americas (Slaves)
India to East Africa, SE Asia and Caribbean

4. Economic Opportunities
Islands of Development –
Places within a region or country where foreign investment, jobs, and infrastructure are concentrated, usually centered along the coast.

5. Economic Opportunities
In late 1800s and early 1900s, Chinese migrated throughout Southeast Asia to work in trade, commerce, and finance.

6. Reconnecting Cultural Groups
About 700,000 Jews migrated to then-Palestine between 1900 and 1948.
After 1948, when the land was divided into two states (Israel and Palestine), 600,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were pushed out of newly-designated Israeli territories.

7. Internal Migration Migration that occurs within a country’s borders.
Examples/Reasons for internal vs. international:
same language, familiar cultural aspects, shorter distances traveled
Internal Migration

8. Types of Migration Internal: within the same country 2 Types
Less traumatic, more common
2 Types
Interregional: one region to another
Intraregional: within same region
Fill in the blank: “Most common interregional migration is _______ to _______ areas in search of jobs.”

9. Rural to Urban U.S. population has been moving Westward and Southward
Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most dramatic examples of hardship.
Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would be impossible.
Loss of Industrial Jobs in east compliments increase in Sunbelt service sector.
Increases with development; ¾ of core countries population in urban areas

10. Urban to Suburban
U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: STILL URBAN REGION
Developed Countries: Suburbanization
automobiles and roads
‘American Dream’
better services
Lifestyle changes (babies)
Don’t need to be right in the middle of a major city anymore!
U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

11. Metropolitan to Nonmetropolitan
U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to idyllic settings
Counterurbanization
idyllic settings
cost of land for retirement
slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets
Increased technology allows people to work outside of the city
U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

12. Interregional Migrations
Current USA examples
Movement North to South and East to West
Net migration (immigrants-emigrants)
South (+1,419,000)
Northeast (-915,000)
Midwest (-533,000)
West (+29,000)
Refugees/evacuees from the Gulf coast region
Rural to urban areas to find work

13. Interregional Migrations in LDCs
Populations in the less developed world are rushing to cities in search of work and income.
Urbanization
migration from rural areas
lack of jobs in countryside
lack of services in cities
Mexico City, Mexico
Lagos, Nigeria
Mumbai, India

14. Interregional Migrations
Current World examples
To Brazil’s interior—Brasilia
To North in Italy
From North to South in the UK for jobs
Interregional Migrations

15. External Migration Movement across country borders
International migration
Emigrant—one who migrates OUT of a country (exits)
Subtracts from total population
Immigrant—one who migrates INTO a country
Adds to total population
External Migration

16. Global Migration Patterns
From less-developed Stage 2 countries into more developed Stage 4 or 5 countries
3 largest migration flows
Asia to Europe
Asia to north America
Latin America to North America
Net In Migration (North America, Europe, Oceania)
Net Out Migration (Asia, Latin America, Africa)
Global Migration Patterns

17. US Immigration Patterns
3 main waves
Colonial America ( )
European settlement—2 million; mostly British
African slaves— 800,000
US Immigration Patterns

18. US Immigration Patterns
2. 19th century ( )
1840s and 1850s—Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, Germany)
1880s—Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, Germany, Norway, Sweden)
—Southern and Eastern Europe (Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungry)
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine
US Immigration Patterns

19. US Immigration Patterns
3. Second half of 20th century ( )
Less developed regions
Latin America— Mexico, Dominican Republic, El Salvador
Asia—China, Philippines, India, Vietnam
US Immigration Patterns

20. Ellis Island National Monument
U.S. Immigration
Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S. immigration was from Britain
Two Big Waves:
: W. and N. European transitioning to Southern and Eastern European by 1910
Irish (potato famine in 1840s) and Germans
During 1900s: Italians, Russians, Austria-Hungary (Czech, Poland, Romania, etc.)
Today: Asians and Latin Americans; declining Europeans
Asians: China, India; 1980s -1990s: Philippines, Vietnam, and South Korea
Latin America: Mexico, Dom. Rep., El Salvador, Cuba, Haiti
Ellis Island National Monument

21. US Immigration Figures (2016)
% of U.S. Immigrants
55%--Latin America/Caribbean
26%--Asia/pacific
12%--Europe
3%--Sub-Saharan Africa
2%--North America (Canada)
2%--Middle East
US Immigration Figures (2016)

22. U.S. Immigration Policies
1882, Bars Asian immigration for ten years (extended)
1921, Quota Act - country by country quotas
1924 National Origins Act - country by country quotas
1965, Immigration Act - quotas for countries replaced, in 1968, with hemisphere quotas of 170, 000 for East and 120,000 for West
1978, Immigration Act - global quota of 290, 000
1980, Refugee Act - quotas do not apply to those seeking political asylum
1986, Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted large numbers of former illegals.
1990, Immigration Act raised global quotas to roughly 675,000
1995, visas issued Preferentially by skills:
480,000 - to relatives of people here
140,000 - to those with special skills and education
55,000 - to diversity candidates (i.e., mostly not from Latin Amer. or Asia)
Current Total: 675,000
Currently—Global quota of 620,000 w/ no more than 7% from each country
Exceptions—family reunification, employment, talented, refugees

23. U.S. Immigration Patterns

24. US Immigration Policy Immigration and Naturalization Act
Limit of 675,000 immigrants (lawful permanent residents, LPRs)
Family Based immigration—immediat4e relatives (spouses, unmarried minor children of citizens, parents of citizens)
Employment Based Immigration—
Temporary visas—foreign nationals used for jobs for limited periods (intracompany transfers, athletes, entertainers, religious workers
Permanent immigration—140,000/year (extraordinary abilities, advanced degrees, religious workers, investors)
Per-country Ceilings (<7% may come from one country)
Refugee/Asylees—well founded persecution based on race, religion, political beliefs with a degree of risk involved
2016 worldwide Refugee Ceiling—85,000 (25,000 Africans, 34,000 Asians)
Diversity Visa Program—55,000 allocated to random countries w/fewer than 50,000 persons to US in previous 5 years
US Immigration Policy

25. Immigrant must have LPR status (green card) for the last 5 years w/ 3 months in current state; must be 18 years old with continuous residency in the U.S. and have good moral character
Immigrant must pass English, US History, and Civics exams (w/ certain exceptions) and pay an application fee among other requirements
US Citizenship

26. BRAIN DRAIN Large scale emigration by talented people
People leave LDC’s and move to MDC’s for better suited opportunities to their skills
They often don’t return to their home country
1970’s Asian immigration to U.S. (China & India)
BRAIN DRAIN

27. International Migration Issues
Guest Workers
Newly developed areas taking advantage of cheap labor
EX—85% of Dubai (UAE) is guest workers
Time Contract Workers
South and East Asian workers to SE Asia. American workers to lesser developed areas.
(US—20-140,000/year)
International Migration Issues

28. Remittance: transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country spatial interaction = “remittance corridor”

29. “TRUE” Population Growth
To accurately calculate a country’s population growth, we must include immigrants to see the impact they have on given states
Balancing Equation
(Births + Immigration)—(Deaths + Emigration)
This is more representative of what goes on in a country in regards to demographics. The above equation is much more accurate in depicting population issues than the Rate of Natural Increase…why?
“TRUE” Population Growth

30. http://www. pewresearch
European Migrations