1. And why Carbon is awesome!
Macromolecules
And why Carbon is awesome!

2. Carbon Carbon = the building block of life
Carbon atoms are the basis of most molecules that make up living things
They form the structure of living things and carry out processes that keep organisms alive

3. 4 Main Types of Carbon Based Molecules:
aka: Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
*FYI – some of the important cell organelles you learned about are made up of 1 or more of these macromolecules!

4. Molecular Chains *Monomer: small molecule
*Polymer: many monomers attached through chemical bonds

5. #1: Carbohydrates
Fuel for running your body!

6. Carb Functions: In Animals: Provides short term energy
In Plants: Provides structural support
Cellulose creates structure for cell walls
Plants create and burn carbs for metabolic (chemical) energy

7. Carbs are also called saccharides
Monosaccharide – 1 sugar
Example: glucose
Disaccharide – 2 sugars
2 Monosaccharides joined together
Examples: sucrose (table sugar) and lactose

8. Saccharides Continued…
Polysaccharide – many sugars
Example: Glycogen (a form of glucose)
When the body needs energy between meals or during physical activity, glycogen is broken down into glucose

9. Examples: Simple Carbs (sugars):
Glucose – simplest sugar, fuel for plants and animals (made by plants cells during photosynthesis)
Sucrose – candy and sweets
Fructose - fruit
Lactose - dairy

10. More Examples: Complex Carbs:
Starches: corn, potato, bread, cereals and pasta
Fiber: fruits, veggies and grains
Fiber (slows the breakdown of other carbs)

11. Carb Structure
Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
C, H, O

12. Lipids
A blessing and a curse!

13. Lipid Functions: Store Energy (long term) Provide barriers
Fats have more energy than carbs
Our bodies store unused energy in fat
Provide barriers
Ex. Plant leaves coated in wax to prevent water loss

14. Foods Containing Lipids
Nuts, avacodo, butter, cheese, oil, eggs and meat

15. *If you give me any lip I’ll kick you in your fatty acid!
Lipid Structure
Non-polar molecules
cannot dissolve in water
Basic structure (monomer) = fatty acid tails (chains) and a Glycerol head
Glycerol = molecule used to make glucose
Elements included:
C, H, O and sometimes P
*If you give me any lip I’ll kick you in your fatty acid!

16. 3 Main Types: 1. Phospholipids
Responsible for structure and function of the cell membrane (barrier to cell)
2. Steroids (Substances that create hormones)
Make up hormones and cholesterol
Cholesterol is a steroid molecule in which too much floating in your blood stream could cause a stroke/heart attack.

17. 3. Triglycerides (fats and oils)
Made up of 3 fatty acid chains and glycerol
If it’s solid at room temp = fat
If it’s liquid at room temp = oil

18. Triglyceride Structure
Saturated fats (usually solids like butter)
Lipids with tail chains containing only single bonds between carbon atoms
Bad for you
Unsaturated (usually liquids like oil)
Lipids that have at least 1 double bond between carbon atoms
Good for you
*Saturated with H bonds
*Less H atoms because of double bond

19. Proteins
Making Life Possible!

20. What is a Protein?
A compound made of small carbon compounds called Amino Acids
Muscles, skin and hair are made of proteins

21. Protein Structure
*Amino Acids (20) are the building blocks of proteins (monomer)
Elements: C, H, O and N
All Amino Acids share the same structure
(Think of them as train cars that make up an entire train called a protein)

22. Structure Continued… Amino Acids have: A central C atom bonded to H
An Amino Group
A Carboxyl Group
A Variable (R) Group
*The R Group is what makes each Amino Acid different
*20 different variable groups

23. Peptide Bonds… link amino acids to form proteins
The bond forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another

24. 3 Main Protein Functions:
1. Speed up the rate of chemical reactions
2. Reinforce cells and tissues
3. Move materials around the cell and the body

25. 1. Enzymes
An enzyme is a type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions (enzymes end in “ase” like catylase or amylase)
Processes in the body don’t happen automatically, they require enzymes
Catalyst – another name given to something that speeds up a chemical reaction
Activation Energy – amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

26. What Factors Affect Enzymes?
Potato Demo

27. What Affects Enzymes?
Changes in:
Temperature pH

28. 2. Structural Proteins
Structural proteins reinforce cells and tissues!
Examples:
Collagen found in connective tissue (ligaments, tendons, cartilage, bone) provides support in the body
Keratin forms hair

29. 3. Transport Proteins
Transport proteins move materials around cells and around the body
Example: Hemoglobin found in red blood cells carries Oxygen around the body

30. Drawing the cellular road map!
Nucleic Acids
Drawing the cellular road map!

31. What are Nucleic Acids? Complex macromolecules
Function - store and transmit genetic information

32. Nucleic Acid Structure
*Nucleotides – the building blocks of nucleic acids (“chains” of nucleotides)
Composed of C, H, O, P and N
The 6 major Nucleotides are all made up of:
A simple sugar
A phosphate group
A nitrogenous base

33. FYI
Your entire genetic composition, personality and maybe even your intelligence hinge on molecules contained in a nitrogen compound, some sugar and a phosphate!

34. 2 Types of Nucleic Acids Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)