1. Chapter 15 Reconstruction 1865-1877
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2. Federal Reconstruction Policy
Radical Republicans felt that the country should give formerly enslaved people the right to vote and to hold office.
Freedmen’s Bureau - provide social, educational, and economic services as well as advice and protection to former slaves.
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3. The Presidential Reconstruction of Andrew Johnson, 1865–1866
Dec /11 Confederate states had completed Reconstruction
Pardons flow freely
Ex-Confederates elected to Congress
Black Codes - laws restricting the freedom of former slaves
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4. Congressional Radical Reconstruction, 1867–1869
1866 election - Republican landslide
Congress will now lead Reconstruction, major difference - black suffrage
First Reconstruction Act
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5. The Final Break—Johnson’s Impeachment
Congress not happy with Johnson
Must change the fabric of southern society
Freedmen’s Bureau - Johnson vetoes
Civil Rights Bill - Johnson vetoes
14th Amendment - Johnson opposes
Johnson vetoes 28 bills, 15 overridden
Violates Tenure of Office Act
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6. Southern Military Districts
MAP 15-1, Southern Military Districts
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7. The Right to Vote—Grant’s Election and the Fifteenth Amendment
U.S. Grant – President,
February 1869 – Congress passes the 15th Amendment: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”
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8. The Impact of Reconstruction
In the early years of Reconstruction, many of the South’s former leaders returned to power.
The prewar status quo seemed to be returning in the Southern states.
Then Congress took over Reconstruction, and everything changed.
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9. Voting in the South
In January 1870, the Mississippi state legislature elected Hiram R. Revels, the first African-American ever elected to the Senate.
More African-Americans were elected to the House.
Twenty-two blacks served in Congress during Reconstruction.
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10. Schools for Freedom
Blacks saw the schoolhouse as “proof of their independence.”
Black colleges were founded in the South to train black teachers.
Southern states were to change their constitutions to support public education
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11. The Reality of Sharecropping
Sharecropping - instead of working for wages, former slaves worked as independent entrepreneurs who were guaranteed a share of the crop in return for their labor
Workers fell further and further into debt to the landowners. It also tied them to the land in poverty for generations.
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12. Sharecropping Reshapes a Plantation
MAP 15-2, Sharecropping Reshapes a Plantation
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13. Terror, Apathy, and the Creation of the Segregated South
Many whites resisted black political and economic progress throughout Congressional Reconstruction.
Eventually, the high hopes of Reconstruction ended everywhere.
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14. Opposition to Black Rights and the Roots of “Redemption”
Scalawag – a southerner who went along with Reconstruction
Carpetbagger – a northern who came South during Reconstruction
The post-Civil War Democratic Party was the party of “white only” government
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15. The Rise of Violence and the Ku Klux Klan
Ku Klux Klan - Tennessee, 1866
Ex-Confederate officers
“Reign of terror”
Some of the greatest violence was in Mississippi
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16. Efforts to Defend Reconstruction
Force Acts,
Banned the use of force to prevent someone from voting because of their race.
Other laws banned the KKK entirely.
The first Klan was almost eradicated within a year.
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17. A Changing National Mood and the End of Reconstruction
Democrats appeal to white supremacy; blacks stop voting
Republican control begins to collapse
Republicans hold only 3 southern states (S.C., La., and Fla.)
Compromise of 1877
Reconstruction ends
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18. The Birth of the Segregated South
Jim Crow segregation - schools, public facilities, transportation, and most every other aspect of life were segregated
Sharecropping became virtually the only option for blacks
1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision that created “separate but equal”
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