1. Sentence By: - Nityanandesh Narayan Tripathi PGT English
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya

2. Formative stages of a sentence
Word
Phrase
Clause
Sentence

3. What is a Word? A word is a group of Alphabets
Showing an image of an object, action, emotion or state.
Examples: -
Anger (Emotion)
Sleep (State)
Apple (Object)
Running (Action)

4. What is a Phrase?
A phrase is a group of two or more meaningfully grammatically linked words without a subject and predicate.
Examples: -
She bought some spinach when she went to the corner store.
Lightning flashed brightly in the night sky.
They heard high pitched cries in the middle of the night.
In early October, Giselle planted twenty tulip bulbs; unfortunately, squirrels ate the bulbs and none bloomed.

5. What is a Clause?
A clause is a collection of grammatically-related words including a predicate and a subject (though sometimes the subject is implied).
Clauses are the building blocks of sentences: every sentence consists of one or more clauses.
Examples: -
She bought some spinach when she went to the corner store.
Lightning flashed brightly in the night sky.
They heard high pitched cries in the middle of the night.
In early October, Giselle planted twenty tulip bulbs; unfortunately, squirrels ate the bulbs and none bloomed.

6. What is a Sentence?
A sentence is a meaningful arrangement of grammatically-related phrases and Clauses.
Examples: -
She bought some spinach when she went to the corner store.
Lightning flashed brightly in the night sky.
They heard high pitched cries in the middle of the night.
In early October, Giselle planted twenty tulip bulbs; unfortunately, squirrels ate the bulbs and none bloomed.

7. Sentence - Types sentence Meaning Based Affirmative Interrogative
Exclamatory
Imperative
Conditional
Construction Based
Simple
Compound
Complex
sentence

8. Sentence (Construction Based) – Simple
A simple sentence has one main clause.
That means it has one subject and one verb.
In addition, a simple sentence can have adjectives and adverbs.
Note: - a simple sentence can't have another main clause or any subordinate clauses.
Examples: -
Man is mortal. (‘MAN’ - One Subject and ‘IS’ – One Verb)
Alice is a beautiful girl. (‘ALICE’ - One Subject and ‘IS’ – One Verb)
I have two kids. (‘I’ - One Subject and ‘’HAVE – One Verb)

9. Sentence (Construction Based) – Compound
A compound sentence consists of two or more main clauses.
The clauses can be joined with a coordinating conjunction
(e.g. for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) or a semicolon (;).
Note : - As with a simple sentence, a compound sentence can't have any subordinate clauses.
Examples: -
Mike smokes but Peter doesn’t.
(‘MIKE’ - First Subject , ‘SMOKES’ – First Verb and ‘PETER’ - Second Subject , ‘SMOKES’ - Second Verb joined by BUT)
Alice wrote the letters and Peter posted them.
(‘ALICE’ - First Subject , ‘Wrote’ – First Verb and ‘PETER’ - Second Subject , ‘POSTED’ - Second Verb joined by AND)

10. These sentences use subordinating conjunctions to link ideas.
Sentence (Construction Based) – Complex
A complex sentence contains one main clause and at least one subordinate clause.
These sentences use subordinating conjunctions to link ideas.
Examples: -
Parallel lines never meet (main Clause) until (subordinating conjunction) you bend one of them (subordinate clause).
Alice said (main clause) that (subordinating conjunction) she would come (subordinate clause).
You may stay (main clause) as long as (subordinating conjunction) you want (subordinate clause).
Will you wait (main clause) till (subordinating conjunction) I return (subordinate clause)?
If (subordinating conjunction) you eat too much (subordinate clause) you will fall ill (main clause).

11. Conversion of Sentences - Example
Simple
My friend invited me to a party. I do not want to go.
Compound
My friend invited me to a party, but I do not want to go.
Complex
Although my friend invited me to a party, I do not want to go.
Coordinating Conjunction
Subordinating Conjunction

12. . Sentence (Meaning Based) – Declarative
Used to make a simple statement. Most sentences are declarative.
It is punctuated by a Full Stop/ Period -
Examples: -
“I love chocolate.” .

13. ? Sentence (Meaning Based) – Interrogative Used to ask a question.
Sometimes the tone of speech makes an interrogative Sentence.
It is punctuated by an Interrogation Mark –
Example: -
“Do you love chocolate?” ?

14. . Sentence (Meaning Based) – Imperative Used for commands
It is punctuated by a full stop and
The pronoun you is always implied at the beginning of the sentence
Example: -
“I have headache .Get me some chocolate.”
Here YOU is implied at the beginning of the sentence and hence the sentence becomes
“I have headache. You get me some chocolate” .

15. ! Sentence (Meaning Based) – Exclamatory
Used for Emphasis and expressing Emotion
It is punctuated by an Interrogation Mark –
Example: -
“Wow! I like chocolate.”. !

16. . Sentence (Meaning Based) – Conditional
Used to express what one would do if a condition were met.
It is punctuated by an Interrogation Mark –
Example: -
“If I had a billion dollars, I would buy a castle made of chocolate.” .

17. Exercise: - Write the type of Given sentences: -
I am playing in play ground.
Are they playing in ground?
Wow! They are playing in ground.
Go and play in ground.
I am playing in the ground and my mother is cooking food inside the house.
Before he completed his work he had already taken his breakfast.
If Indian team wants to win the match then they should play sincerely.

18. Thank you