1. Discourse Analysis Pragmatics and Nonverbal Communication
Sociolinguistics
Discourse Analysis Pragmatics and Nonverbal Communication

3. The Pragmatic Functions of Communication
CONTEXT
referential function
ADDRESSER MESSAGE ADDRESSEE
emotive function poetic function conative function
CONTACT
phatic function
CODE
metalingual function

4. Speech Events THE CIRCUMSTANCES SURROUNDING THE UTTERANCE
THEY HAVE TO BE RECOGNIZED ALSO BY THE LISTENER
THE NATURE OF THE SPEECH EVENT DETERMINES THE INTERPRETATION OF AN UTTERANCE> cf. THE CONCEPT OF GENRE
ANY COMMUNICATIVE USE OF LANGUAGE

5. Communicative Competence
“We have then to account for the fact that a normal child acquires knowledge of sentences not only as grammatical but also as appropriate” (Hymes, 1972)
Communicative competence is defined as linguistic competence plus other rule-governed aspects of language use

6. Communicative Competence
GRAMMATICAL COMPETENCE. Ability to produce and understand correct syntactic, lexical, and phonological forms in a language.
SOCIOLINGUISTIC COMPETENCE. Ability to use a language appropriately in sociocultural contexts.
STRATEGIC COMPETENCE. Ability to effectively transmit information to a listener, including the ability to use communication strategies to solve problems which arise in this process.

7. Sociolinguistic competence
Sociolinguistics
The field of study focuses on variations in language that may be shown to be closely related to variations in society
Factors:
geographical provenance >DIALECTS (DIATOPIC VARIATION)
status > SOCIO-CULTURAL VARIATIONS (DIASTRATIC VARIATION)
age
sex > REGISTERS (DIAPHASIC VARIATION)
context
medium > WRITING/ORAL (DIAMESIC VARIATION)
ecc.

8. Sociolinguistic competence
Mastery of sociolinguistic skills in a language entails mastery of:
speech act conventions
norms of stylistics appropriateness
use of language;
to establish and maintain social relations
>>>>>TERMS OF ADDRESS, DIGLOSSIA AND CODE-SWITCHING IN BILINGUALISM

9. Sociolinguistic competence
Sociolinguistic competence means to investigate areas, such as:
sensitivity to the norms associated with turn-taking in conversational interaction,
the ability to use appropriate registers of the language,
the ability to use language variants to indicate social group membership (style),
the ability to use language variants to mark relative status of members within a group.

10. Strategic competence
Mastery of strategic skills in a language entails the ability to transmit information to a listener and correctly interpret information received
It includes the mastery of communication strategies, used to deal with problems which may arise in the transmission of this information.

11. Strategic competence COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES: Repeating
Circumlocution
Approximation
Literal translation
Mime
Message abandonment
Topic avoidance

12. Strategic competence

14. WHAT IS VERBAL AND WHAT IS NONVERBAL?
RIGHT HEMISPHERE >>>>> PROCESSES VISUAL /SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS>>>>>>>>NONVERBAL SIGNALS ( ex.:voice: stress, pitch, rhythm)
LEFT HEMISPHERE >>>>> PROCESSES ORDERED AND LINGUISTIC INFORMATION
MUCH OF WHAT IS CALLED NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR IS RIGHT BRAIN ACTIVITY

15. WHAT IS VERBAL AND WHAT IS NONVERBAL?
COMMUNICATIVE BEHAVIOR Vs
INFORMATIVE BEHAVIOR
A SET OF BEHAVIORS CONSTITUTES A CODE IF THEY HAVE REFERENTS OUTSIDE OF THEMSELVES AND IF THESE REFERENTS ARE KNOWN AND USED BY A GROUP OF PEOPLE.
AWARENESS AND INTENTION
TAKE ON A CENTRAL ROLE

16. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
EKMAN AND FRIESEN’S TAXONOMY OF CODING
Intrinsic Iconic Arbitrary
Coding Coding Coding

17. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
INTRINSIC CODING
It puts the least distance between the code used and the referent for the code.
Denotative level

18. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
ICONIC CODING
It preserves some aspects of the referent
There is some resemblance between the code and the referent.

19. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
ARBITRARY CODING
It puts the greatest distance between the code and the referent for the code.
Resemblance to the referent is nonexistent (Connotative level).

20. NONVERBAL CATEGORIES ENVIRONMENT
Environments can affect our moods, choice of words, and actions
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
Physique or body shape, general attractiveness, height, weight, hair and skin colour or tone, smell, object associated with the physical appearance

21. NONVERBAL CATEGORIES PROXEMICS
The study of the use and perception of social and personal space.
- Interaction spaces (Hall, 1959)
intimate distance 0-1/2 feet*
personal distance 1/2-4 feet
polite, social distance 4-12 feet
public distance 12 feet and more
*1 feet = 3,28 m

22. NONVERBAL CATEGORIES BODY MOTION or KINESIC BEHAVIOR
GESTURE: speech-independent and speech-related
POSTURE: related to the degree of attention or involvement
TOUCHING BEHAVIOR: self-focused and other-focused

23. NONVERBAL CATEGORIES BODY MOTION or KINESIC BEHAVIOR
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS: display various affective states (anger, sadness, surprise, happiness, fear, disgust-primary affects)
EYE BEHAVIOR: where, when, how long one looks during interaction

24. NONVERBAL CATEGORIES PARALANGUAGE
How something is said and not what is said
EFFECTS OF VOCAL CUES
He’s giving this money to Herbie

25. FUNCTIONS OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR
REPEATING
Nonverbal communication can simply repeat what was said verbally
CONTRADICTING
Nonverbal behavior can contradict verbal behavior
SUBSTITUING
Nonverbal behavior can substitute for verbal messages

26. FUNCTIONS OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR
COMPLEMENTING
Nonverbal behavior can modify, or elaborate on, verbal messages
ACCENTING
Nonverbal behavior may accent parts of the verbal messages much as underlining or italicising written words and emphasizes them
REGULATING
Nonverbal behavior are also used to regulate the verbal flow between the interactants.