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Spain and the House of Habsburg
15th century
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Royal Houses of the 15th century
Monarchies were strengthening and unifying their control over their countries during this period Spain England France Hapsburgs rise Portugal Russia
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Spain Spain and Portugal were conquered under the Umayyad Muslims, and were controlled by the Abbasids until the 11th century when their power began to wane. The last Muslim stronghold was Granada which was returned to Spanish Control in 1492. Slowly, from the 11th century on, the small Christian kingdoms in Northern Spain gained control of more and more of Spain.
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Reconquista
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Spain The Three most powerful kingdoms in Spain were Castille, Aragon and Portugal. Portugal was a fiefdom of Castille and Leon, which were united by marriage. In the 12th century they refused to continue their subservience and under Alfonso I, defeated the Spanish armies, and began liberating Portugal from the Muslims.
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Spain Spain and Portugal remained united by frequent marriages of the Royal families for hundreds of years. Spain benefited from Muslim rule. It became wealthy and cosmopolitan. Muslims were not allowed to tax other Muslims, so it was beneficial for them to have non-Muslim subjects, so they did little to force or encourage conversion. All non-Muslims (Mawali) paid the jizya, which benefited the Moors, or Spanish Muslims. The Moors were religiously tolerant, and this encouraged the flourishing of Spanish Judaism, known as Sephardic Judaism.
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Spain When the Muslims began to lose power the various Spanish kingdoms were rife with Civil Wars as families struggled to take control of Spain One family became most powerful- the Castilians The royal family from 1369- 1504 was the Trastámara. They also ruled Aragon, Navarre and Naples. In 1469, the houses of Castile and Aragon were formally united when Ferdinand I and Isabella married.
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Spain Ferdinand and Isabella are responsible for making Spain a powerful force in the world. They are responsible for The Reconquista The Inquisition The Voyages to the New World
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Ferdinand And Isabella
Isabella I of Castile Isabella of Portugal * John, Constable of Portugal* John I of Portugal Philippa of Lancaster John of Gaunt Constance of Castile Isabel of Barcelos* John II of Castile Henry III of Castile John I of Castile Eleanor of Aragon Catherine of Lancaster Had to be committed for mental illness Isabella’s maternal grandparents are uncle and niece, and her maternal great grandmother and paternal grandmother are sisters.
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Isabella and Ferdinand are second cousins, with an additional great grandfather in common.
Ferdinand II of Aragon John II of Aragon Ferdinand I of Aragon John I of Castile Eleanor of Aragon Eleanor of Albuquerque Sancho Alfonso of Albuquerque Beatrice of Portugal Peter I of Portugal Ines de Castro Juana Enriquez Fadrique Enriquez Mariana Fernandez
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Spain Isabella had inherited the throne from her older brother Henry because he had no heirs. Ferdinand and Isabella’s only son died at 19. They had three daughters, Katherine, that they married into the English royal family, Isabella that married into the Portuguese royal family, and Joan/Juanna that married into the Hapsburg, or Dutch/Austrian royal family. Joan ended up inheriting the throne.
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Spain Joan married well- she married Philip Hapsburg, aka ‘Philip the Handsome’ (I know-I don’t get it either.) He was the heir to the vast Hapsburg holdings-the Holy Roman Empire and Burgundy. He died before he could inherit them.
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Spain They had six children- Eleanor, the future queen of France
Charles, the future king of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire Ferdinand, the future Holy Roman Emperor Mary, the future queen of Hungary Catherine, the future queen of Portugal Isabella, the future queen of Denmark
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C II only had two grandparents, and six great grandparents
Ferdinand and Isabella Isabella+ Alfonso of Portugal John + Margaret of Habsburg Joanna+ Philip of Habsburg Eleanor+ Manuel of Portugal m1 Francis I m2 Charles V HRE/Charles I Spain+Isabella of Portugal Philip II+ Maria Manuela of Portugal m1 Mary I of England m2 Elizabeth of Valois m3 Anna of Austria m4 With Maria, Don Carlos With Elizabeth of Valois, Isabella Clara and Catherine of Savoy With Anna of Austria, PIII Maria of Austria +Maximillian II Anna of Austria + P III, etc. Philip IV Charles II Maria Theresa of Spain + Louis XIV Margarita Theresa + Leopold I Joanna+ John Manuel of Portugal Isabella + Christian II of Denmark Ferdinand I HRE + Anna of Bohemia and Hungary Maximilllian II HRE+ Maria Anna of Spain + Philip II Rudolf II HRE Matthias HRE Albert VII Archduke of Austria + Isabella Clara of Spain Anna of Austria +Albert V of Bavaria Maria Anna of Bavaria + Charles II of Austria F II HRE + Maria Anna of Bavaria FIII+Maria Anna of Spain Eleonora Gonzaga + FIII Marianna of Austria + P IV of Spain Maria Theresa of Spain Leopold I HRE + Maria Theresa of Spain Catherine + John III of Portugal Maria Manuela of Portugal +Philip II of Spain (See above) John Manuel of Portugal +Joanna Maria +Alfonso of Portugal Catherine of Aragon+ Arthur m1 Henry VIII m2 C II only had two grandparents, and six great grandparents
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The Role of Inbreeding in the Extinction of a European Royal Dynasty Gonzalo AlvarezFrancisco C. CeballosCelsa Quinteiro
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Juanna La Loca The problem was, her love for Philip drove Juanna mad.
Read all about it here! Her father and son, Charles had to confine her to a rural castle for the rest of her life. Charles ends up becoming Charles V of Austria and Charles I of Spain.
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La Démence de Jeanne de Castille, 238 x 313 cm, 1867, Musée du Prado à Madrid Lorenzo Valles
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Charles V/I Charles inherited Spain from his mother, as F & I had no male heirs. He inherited Austria & the Netherlands from his grandfather, Emperor Maximilian, who also got him the title Holy Roman Emperor. As he made his rounds throughout his realm, having all of his coronations, trouble broke out in Spain.
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Revolt of the Comuneros
While Charles was in Austria being crowned Holy Roman Emperor, he left a trusted Dutch Cardinal to rule as regent of Spain. The Spanish, particularly the Castilians revolted against foreign leadership, and tried to depose Charles in favor of Juanna. City councils, ‘Comunidades’ took control. Charles came back, and over the course of a year, crushed all rebels throughout Spain. He learned Spanish to appease the people and took a more active role in ruling Spain and working with the ‘Cortes’.
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Charles V/I Charles reorganized the Spanish govt. very effectively. (Councils of Castille, Aragon, the Indies and war) He became very popular with his people, in both Austria/Netherlands and Spain. He had problems with France and Turkey however. France was angry at the massive expansion of the Spanish Empire. The Turks were growing in power, and threatening Charles’ lands in Hungary and Austria.
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Charles Charles was aggressive with the Turks, defeating them temporarily, even though his enemy, Francis I of France sided with them against him. He had to deal with Martin Luther and his Protestant reforms at the Diet of Worms. He also had problems with Henry VIII, during his efforts at divorce
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Charles V/I- Spain controlled all of the green areas as well as all of their overseas holdings.
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Spanish Empire
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Charles V/I Eventually he left his Austrian lands to his brother, Ferdinand I. He left Spain, the Netherlands and the Americas to his son, Philip II. He retired to a monastery, where he lived for the rest of his life.
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Philip II Philip’s first marriage was to his cousin, Maria Manuela of Portugal. She gave birth to their son Carlos, who was going to be a problem later for Philip, and then died of childbed fever.
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Don Carlos Carlos was the product of a lot of inbreeding and as a result, he was mentally unstable and deformed. He had a hump, the Hapsburg Jaw and was pigeon breasted. He had an accident that required brain surgery and afterwards he was violent and unstable. He eventually had to be incarcerated and kept in confinement, where he starved himself to death.
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Charles, Prince of Asturias
Father: Philip II of Spain Paternal Grandfather: Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Paternal Great-Grandfather: Philip I of Castile Paternal Great-grandmother: Joanna of Castile Paternal Grandmother: Isabella of Portugal Paternal Great-Grandfather: Manuel I of Portugal Paternal Great-Grandmother: Maria of Aragon Mother: Maria Manuela of Portugal Maternal Grandfather: John III of Portugal Maternal Great-Grandfather: Manuel I of Portugal Maternal Great-Grandmother: Maria of Aragon Maternal Grandmother: Catherine of Habsburg Maternal Great-grandfather: Philip I of Castile Maternal Great-Grandmother: Joanna of Castile
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Philip II Philip is famous for his title, ‘The most Catholic Monarch’, which was bestowed upon him by the pope at the time for his vigorous fight against protestants, considered heretics, and non-Christians alike. He encouraged the Inquisition, fought Protestants in the Netherlands and England, and stamped out all non-Catholic beliefs at home. He made Madrid the capital.
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Philip II Despite the massive amounts of silver and gold coming in from the New World, Spain was in trouble economically. Charles had spent heavily on the military, as did Philip. He encouraged pastoralization of agriculture, which forced importation of grain. He kept traditional tax structures, where the nobility essentially paid no taxes and over burdened the bourgeoisie and lower classes with taxation.
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Philip II His worst moment came when his entire fleet was destroyed in the effort to attack England. Angry at Elizabeth for her refusal to marry him, her support of Protestants in the Netherlands, and her own Protestantism, he sent the world famous Spanish Armada to attack England.
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Philip II Most of the fleet was lost when the English navy, led by ‘privateers’ sent in fire-ships to burn the Armada. The rest of the fleet was destroyed in storms off of Ireland.
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