1. Foreign Policy

2. Enumerated Powers of the President
Appoint/accept Ambassadors
Commander in Chief of the Navy, Army and militias of the states
Make treaties with 2/3 Senate approval
Make executive agreements (Politically Binding, not Legally Binding. Still carries tremendous weight).
Executive agreements do NOT need to be ratified by any form of anything
Technically the top diplomat of the Unites States
Can ask Congress to officially declare war.
Authorizes many pieces of day to day policy, such as drone strikes and covert operations.
Participates in high-level negotiations, often accompanied by the Secretary of State or other adviser.

3. The Imperial Presidency
The executive branch, headed by the President, holds the strongest sway over foreign policy decisions.​ ​
While the President often consults with high level cabinet members and other advisers; such as cabinet secretaries, security agency heads, trade analysts, etc., before he makes a potentially volatile decision, he is under no obligation to do so.​
There is no way for any cabinet member or other official to override a President's executive agreement or quick decision, especially on matters of military intervention, such as a drone strike.​
The President CAN be investigated after the fact for any number of wrongdoings Congress believes he has committed, but cannot be stopped at the time of the decision.​
Before the War Powers Resolution, the President could technically start wars and send troops anywhere without formally informing Congress.
Checked by Power of the Purse, the fourth Geneva convention, Congressional oversight, and public opinion

4. War Powers Resolution (1973)
Passed after Nixon conducted bombings and military operations in Cambodia without notifying Congress
Requires President to notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops
Troops must be brought home within days, unless Congress provides an extension
Congressional Power of the purse furthers Congressional authority in addition to the War Powers.
Technically 60 day period to remain, plus a 30 day withdrawal period.
⅔ override of Nixon’s Presidential Veto on the passage of the act. *RARE*

5. Enumerated Powers of Congress
Regulate Commerce with foreign nations
Provide and maintain a Navy
Create a militia
Raise and support armies
Declare War
Power of the Purse
Congressional Oversight
Approve Foreign Aid Packages
Can check president’s crimes through impeachment

6. First department; established in 1789, Current Secretary: John Kerry
Secretary of State
First department; established in 1789, Current Secretary: John Kerry
Advises president on foreign policy, little say in domestic aside from some advice in immigration
Top diplomat of the Unites States aside from the President himself.
Participates in many high profile negotiations, sometimes filling in for the President when he is too busy to attend.

7. Department of State Top advisor of foreign policy
Advises President on the appointment of US foreign diplomats
Advises president on acceptance, dismissal and recall of foreign diplomats in the US
Promotes trade between US and foreign countries
Ensures governmental protection of US citizens, interests and property abroad
Negotiates, interprets, and terminates treaties and agreements
Supervises administration of US immigration laws abroad

8. Approaches to Foreign Policy
Liberalism/Moralism
International unity and cooperation
Pursue what’s best for everyone involved
Human rights and spreading democracy strong ideals
"Multilateral Approach"
UN, Geneva Convention, International laws, NATO, Military Intervention.
Woodrow Wilson’s League of Nations was built on this view
Realism/Pragmatism
Every country for itself
Pursue nation's ideals, no divine right to set an example and fix the world, no desire to burn it all down
"Whatever is best for America is what must be done.“
Unilateral approach
Tend to be isolationist, Protective tariffs, neutral in international opinions. Characteristic of early America, advice from Washington.
More often than not, a President's foreign policy is a mix of the two, with a slight lean more toward one side, i.e. George and Barack

9. Department of Defense, Department of the Treasury and the
National Security Council
Largest section of the bureaucracy is the DoD with over 750,000 members
Department of Homeland Security is the 3rd largest department with almost 200,000 members
16% of federal spending is on the military, 1% is to international affairs, <1% is to science, 3% is to education lol
National Security Council regular attendees include the President, the Secretaries of State, Defense, Treasury and the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs
NSC’s main objective is to advise the President on making national security and foreign policy decisions.

10. Past Foreign Policies
Washington’s Farewell Address (1796) - said that the US shouldn’t join permanent alliances with “any portion of the foreign world.”
Isolationist in ideas towards US democracy and security interests, but accepted need for foreign trading partners
Monroe Doctrine (1823) - “the American continents are not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power”
Roosevelt Corollary (1904) – US will intervene in Europe if they step outta line
Dollar Diplomacy ( ) – Spreading of US influence by guaranteeing economic stability to regions (Latin America and East Asia) through loans while US spread economic/financial influence (epic failure)

11. Continued …
Good Neighbor Policy (1933) – FDR attempt to warm relations with Central and South America after years of US intervention in the regions. US withdrew troops from the region and tried to establish trade deals to establish control over the region
Truman Doctrine (1947) - Formed to combat the rise of Communism. Pledged financial gifts and aid to numerous countries around the eastern bloc.
Nixon Doctrine (1969) – allies are in charge of their own security but US was their nuclear umbrella
Carter Doctrine (1980) – US of Murica will MESS YOU UP if you (Soviet Union) try to take control of Persian Gulf
Reagan Doctrine (1986) - “Support for freedom fighters is self-defense”

12. House Committee on Foreign Affairs
Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
Foreign loans
Acquiring land for offices of diplomacy
Foreign economic, military, technical, and humanitarian assistance
Foreign loans.
Protection of United States citizens abroad and expatriation.
Arms control and disarmament issues
public diplomacy, including international communication, information policy, international education, and cultural programs
peacekeeping, peace enforcement, and enforcement of United Nations or other international sanctions
promotion of democracy

13. 2004 FRQ
1.Presidents are generally thought to have advantages over Congress in conducting foreign policy because of the formal and informal powers of the presidency (2004).
A.Identify two formal constitutional powers of the president in making foreign policy.
B.Identify two formal constitutional powers of Congress in making foreign policy.
C.Identify two informal powers of the president that contribute to the president’s advantage over Congress in conducting foreign policy.
D.Explain how each of the informal powers identified in (C) contributes to the president’s advantage over Congress in conducting foreign policy.

15. 2014 FRQ
•Congress and the president both a role in making foreign policy. Despite recent expansions in presidential power, there are still limits on presidential decision making in foreign policy (2014).
•Describe 2 enumerated powers Congress has in making foreign policy.
•Describe 2 expressed powers the president has in making foreign policy.
•Explain how executive agreements expand the president’s ability to implement foreign policy.
•Explain how one of the following can limit the president’s ability to implement foreign policy.
•Elections
•Presidential approval ratings