1. Teaching and Learning Methods

2. What makes a good language learner ?
Characteristics or personality.
The contexts in which individuals learn(learning methods)
(Norton and Toohey, 2001)

3. Types of learning methods:
1.Grammar translation method 2.Audiolingual Method 3.Krashen’s Five Hypotheses 4.Communicative competence 5. Other methods (Situational language teaching, Natural method, Direct method, Total physical response method, The silent way, Suggestopedia. 6. Eclecticism method

4. Grammar translation method.
- Relied heavily on teaching grammar and practicing translation. (Richards, Platt, and Platt, 1992). - The major focus of this method is reading and writing with little attention paid to speaking and listening. - Vocabulary is taught in lists, and high priority was given to accuracy and to ability to construct correct sentences. - Instruction involved translating to and from the target language, and conducted in the students’ native language. - Tennded to be teacher-driven method, with little attention to the learners’ perspectives. (Tarone and Yule, 1989). - Its believed that if learners simply follow the method they would learn language.

5. Audiolingual Method
-Its against the limitations of grammar translation method.
-Previously was named as “Army Method”. “Army Method ” was developed to produce military personnel with speaking proficiency in the target language. Later, linguists changed its name to audiolingual method.
-Its based on belief that speaking and listening are the most basic language skills, and should be taught before reading and writing. (Richards, Platt and Platt, 1992).
-Depended on repetition, memorization, imitation and pattern practice according to behaviourists theories. (Stern, 1992).
-The learners were discouraged from taking initiative as they might make mistakes, and mistakes were rigidly corrected. (Roberts and Griffiths).
-At the end of 1960s this method were beginning to be considered as inadequate. Language learners found that endless repletion is boring and not conductive to learning. (Hutchinson and Waters, 1990).

6. Krashen’s Five Hypotheses
1.Acquisition-Learning Hypotheses- conscious learning is not effective, its better acquire the language through natural communication. 2.Natural Order Hypotheses- grammatical structures of a language are acquired in a predictable order. 3.Monitor Hypotheses- conscious learning is a very little value to adult learners, and can only be useful under certain conditions as a monitor or editor. 4.Input Hypotheses- language is acquired by understanding input, which is little beyond the competence. 5.Affective Filter Hypotheses- learners’ emotions and attitudes can act as a filter which slow down the acquisition of language. When the affective filter is high it can block the language development. -Krashen(1981)believed that language develops through natural communication.

7. Communicative competence
-Its is ability to use language to convey and explain meaning. -This method implied that language functions is more important than language structure or form. -It had strong influence on contemporary language learning programs and textbooks. -It was divided into 4 categories by Canale and Swain (1980): 1.Grammatical competence- relates to the learner’s knowledge of the vocabulary, phonology and rules of the language. 2.Discourse competence-learner’s ability to connect speech into meaningful whole. 3.Sociolinguistic competence- learner’s ability to use language appropriately. 4.Strategic competence- learner’s ability to employ strategies to compensate for imperfect knowledge.

8. Other methods:
-Situational language teaching- grammar and vocabulary are practiced through situations. -Natural method- emphasises natural acquisition rather than formal grammar study. -Direct method-uses only the target language. -Total physical response method- stresses the importance of motor activity. -The silent way- encourages the teacher to be silent as much as possible. -Suggestopedia-attempts to harness the influence of suggestion, such as music or art, on human behaviour.

9. Study

10. Methods suggested by students
- Methods involving media (watching TV, watching movies, listening to songs and radio)
- Methods focused on skills (e.g. writing)
Dictation (useful for listening)

11. Eclecticism method -Recommended by Tarone and Yule (1989)
They suggested that eclecticism involves picking and choosing some procedures from one methodology, some techniques from another, and some exercise formats from yet another.
Requires great effort from teacher to apply appropriate principles to the selection of suitable procedures and materials for their students.