1. Psychological Disorders
Modules 65-4, 65-5, 65-6

2. Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior
Medieval Europe - abnormal behavior was viewed as a demonic possession. Treatment might include prayer, laying on of hands and/or exorcism performed by the clergy. Possibly witch hunts?
Islamic Countries - known for humane hospitals for mentally ill (Baghdad 792 CE).

3. The Renaissance brings reemergence of the scientific approach to mental illness
Teresa of Avila ( ) a Spanish nun established a conceptual framework that suggests the mind can be sick
Johann Weyer ( ) of Germany used scientific skepticism to refute the concept of demonic possession

4. Humanitarian Reforms of the 18th – 19th centuries
Philippe Pinel (France)-pioneered compassionate medical model for the treatment of the mentally ill
William Tuke (England)- introduced trained nurses for the mentally ill
Benjamin Rush (United States) founder of American psychiatry and established hospitals for the mentally ill
Dorothea Dix (United States) advocated for reforms to allow for humane treatment of mentally ill in institutional settings

5. Deinstitutionalization
Occurred due to scientific advances of the 20th century
Psychopharmacology
Medical advances including imaging devices (CT, MRI, PET)
Release of patients back into their usual community using out-patient care

6. Defining Psychological Disorder
A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition,
emotion regulation or behavior.
This is from our book and is adapted from the DSM-V

7. How are disorders described?
It depends on who is describing them

8. Medical Model
This model holds that diseases (in this case psychological disorders) have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, through therapy, medication, or treatment in a hospital.
As we have seen, in most cases there is more to people’s behavior than just biology.

9. Psychological Model
Freud’s psychodynamic model explains disorders as the result of repressed thoughts, memories, or concerns in the unconscious mind.
Behaviorists explain disorders as learned behaviors.
Cognitive psychologists explain disorders being the result of irrational thinking – like blowing things out of perspective or being driven by “shoulds, oughts, and musts.”

10. Biopsychosocial Model
Behavior, whether what is called normal or abnormal, is an interaction of nature and nurture.
Diathesis-Stress Model: The diathesis, or predisposition, interacts with the subsequent stress response of an individual.

11. Biopsychosocial Model
Different cultures have different stressors
Not all disorders are culture-bound
Depression
Schizophrenia

12. Biopsychosocial Model

13. Labeling Disorders Media stereotypes of the mentally ill.
Silence of the Lambs
Black Swan
The Shining

14. Legal Definitions Sanity and Insanity are legal definitions
A person accused of a crime can acknowledge that they committed the crime, but argue that they are not responsible for it because of their mental illness, by pleading "not guilty by reason of insanity.”

15. Legal Definitions
While most people with psychological disorders are not violent, those who are create a dilemma for society.
Insanity defense
Legal, not psychological concept
Jared Loughner
Andrea Yates
Eddie Ray Routh

16. Labeling Disorders Media stereotypes of the mentally ill.
“There is very little risk of violence or harm to a stranger from casual contact with an individual who has a mental disorder.”
- Surgeon General’s Office

17. Rates of Disorders
How many people have, or have had a psychological disorder?
26% of Americans

18. Rates of Disorders
How many people have, or have had a psychological disorder?
26% of Americans
Different percentages for other countries

19. Rates of Disorders
How many people have, or have had a psychological disorder?
26% of Americans
Different percentages for other countries
Overall percentages are lower for serious mental disorders

20. Rates of Disorders
The law defines the following conditions as a serious mental illness:
Schizophrenia
Paranoid and other psychotic disorders
Bipolar disorders (hypomanic, manic, depressive, and mixed)
Major depressive disorders (single episode or recurrent)
Schizoaffective disorders (bipolar or depressive)
Pervasive developmental disorders
Obsessive-compulsive disorders
Depression in childhood and adolescence
Panic disorder
Post traumatic stress disorders (acute, chronic, or with delayed onset)
Bulimia Nervosa
Anorexia Nervosa 307.1

21. Rates of Disorders Biggest predictor of mental disorder?
Poverty
What are risk factors?

24. Classifying Disorders
System for Classification
DSM-V
Guides medical diagnoses and defines who is eligible for treatment.

25. Classifying Disorders
Controversial diagnoses based on the idea that the DSM casts too wide a net – making a diagnosis out of almost any kind of behavior
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Temper tantrum? A disorder?

26. Labeling Disorders
Small group activity
Predicting Rick’s Success

27. Labeling Disorders Labels matter
People “read into” situations when they are primed to believe a certain way (Rosenhan study)
A label can have a life and an influence of its own (stigmatize).
Getting a job or finding a place to rent can be a challenge for those with a label
Just out of prison
Just out of a mental hospital

29. Quiz over Module 31 tomorrow
Pages 410 – 417
Use the practice quiz on page 417 as a guide