1. Shared Foreign Policy Powers

2. Who makes foreign policy?

3. Presidential Powers and Responsibilities
Presidential powers come from two sources
Constitutional Powers
Commander in Chief
Sends troops
May use nuclear weapons
Appoints Ambassadors
Power to make treaties
Head of State
Represents and symbolizes leadership and policy
Functions as a world leader

4. Informal Presidential leadership
Presidents are without equal with respect to influencing public opinion
People used to say to me that I was an astonishingly good politician and divine what the people are going to think … I did not “divine” how the people were going to think: I simply made up my mind what they ought to think and then did my best to get them to think it. … Theodore Roosevelt
Presidents usually get support in a foreign policy crisis …. Not always … but it is hard for Congress or anyone to back down on a presidents commitment

5. Foreign Policy Advisors
Presidents may seek advice from various sources
Special Advisors
Cabinet members
White House Staff
Officials from specialized agencies
Private individuals outside of government

6. National Security Advisor Central Intelligence Agency Director
Secretary of Defense – supervisor of military activities of the US government
Robert Gates
Secretary of State – supervises all the diplomatic activities of the American government
Condoleezza Rice
National Security Advisor
Stephen Hadley
Central Intelligence Agency Director
Michael Hayden
Director of the Office of National Security
John Negroponte

7. Sources of foreign policy within the executive branch
Department of State
The National Security Council
The intelligence Community
The Department of Defense

8. State Department
State Department is the executive agency that has primary authority over foreign affairs
Supervises relationships with approximately 200 nations, the United Nations and other multinational organizations
Usually the secretary of state is the nation’s chief foreign policy advisor – none the less the importance of state has declined since WWII

9. In our early years Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and John Q Adams were secretaries of state that became presidents
State does not have a domestic constituency to support it
Actually attracts critics of its primary responsibility of administering foreign aid

10. The National Security Council
Created by the National Security Act of 1947
Purpose – to advise the president on integration of domestic, foreign, and military policies relating to national security
Larger purpose – to provide policy continuity from one administration to another
Actually the NSC has been used the way the president chooses
Members: POTUS, VPOTUS, Secretaries of State, Defense, and Treasury, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, Director of National Intelligence, and Assistant to the President for NSC affairs … others by invitation

11. The Intelligence Community
CIA, National Security Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency, Offices within Department of Defense, Bureau of Intelligence and Research in the Department of State, FBI, Army Intelligence, Air Force Intelligence, DEA, Department of Energy, Homeland Security, Office of the Director of National Intelligence

12. Intelligence activities consists mostly of overt information gathering, but covert actions are also undertaken
Covert activities – overthrow of a regime in Iran 1953 – the Arbenz government in Guatemala in 1954 – destabilizing the Allende government in Chile
Criticisms – Failure to uncover 9/11 led to establishment of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence to oversee the intelligence community

13. Department of Defense
The department was created in 1947 to bring the control of the military establishment under the jurisdiction of a single department headed by a civilian secretary of defense
Simultaneously the Joint Chiefs of Staff, consisting of the commanders of the various military branches and a chairperson, was created to formulate