1. The Enlightenment
World History
Mr. Moore

2. Explain “due process” of law
Opener
Entry #12
Explain “due process” of law

3. The Enlightenment
Enlightenment – reason and science applied to all aspects of society
Thinkers focused on worldly concerns
They hoped to discover the natural laws that governed society just as scientists had used to discover physical laws

4. Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679 Wrote Leviathon in 1651
People by nature are selfish & ambitious
Absolute Monarchy was best to control those selfish ambitions
Social contract – to keep order

5. John Locke 1632-1704 Two Treatises on Government (1690)
English people were justified in overthrowing James II (Glorious Revolution)
Humans had the right to life, liberty, and property (natural rights)
Governments were formed to protect these rights (if not they should be overthrown)

6. John Locke
John Locke or John Locke?

7. Voltaire 1694-1778 French writer
Proposed tolerance, freedom of religion, and free speech
Admired English democracy

8. Baron de Montesquieu
French philosopher, wrote The Spirit of the Laws (1748)
Separation of powers – needed because any person or group in power will try to increase that power (not good for individual freedom)

9. Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778
French writer - The Social Contract 1762
His version of the social contract was an agreement among free individuals to create a government that would respond to the people’s will
Need “consent of the governed”

10. Denis Diderot
French Philosopher – The Encyclopedia (1751) – bring together most current and enlightened thinking about technology, science, math, music, art, etc. (it was banned)
He promoted ideals of toleration, reason and progress, equality before the law (for all the 3 estates)

11. Cesare Beccaria
Italian philosopher – On Crime and Punishments (1764)
Wrote against common abuses of justice
Torturing witnesses and suspects, irregular proceedings in trials, and cruel punishments

12. Mary Wollstonecraft 1759-1797 English writer and thinker
“Let women share the rights and she will emulate (imitate) the virtues of men; for she will grow more perfect when emancipated.”