1. Key Issue 4: Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?
By: Richard L, Rick C, Ilaria C., Annye M., Blanca M., Lucia P, Matthew C.

2. Key issue #4 vocabulary
Isolated languages: a language unrelated to any other therefore not attached to any language family.
Lingua franca: a language of international communication, such as English.
Pidgin language: a group that learns English or another lingua franca may learn a simplified form.
Spanglish: a combination of Spanish and English
Denglish: the diffusion of English words into German
Franglais: a combination of français and Anglais
Ebonics: a combination of ebony and phonics
Extinct language: languages that were once used in recent past but no longer spoken or read -

3. Language Diversity
Multilingual States
Some cities offer examples of varying degrees of difficulties.
Some of the this difficulties could be in between two languages.
Some of this cities are Belgium, Switzerland, and Nigeria.

4. Language Diversity Belgium:
Switzerland has less difficulties then Belgium in reconciling the interests.
The people from Southern Belgium are known as Walloons and they speak French.
The people from Northern Belgium are known as Flemings, they speak Flemish.

5. Language Diversity Switzerland:
There is multiple languages but four official languages..
Four official languages: German used by 65% of population/French used by 18%/Italian used by 10%/Romansh used by 1%. (Romansh became an official language in 1938)
It is divided by four linguistic regions.
GERMAN
ROMANSH
ITALIAN
FRENCH

6. Language Diversity Nigeria:
Most popular country of Africa, 527 distinct languages.
One-eighth of the population speak Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo.
Shows the importance of language in identifying distinct cultural groups at a local scale.

7. Isolated Languages -There are similarities & differences in languages
-It is the form on how we communication and interact with other people
-Isolated languages arise through the poor interaction with people who speak other languages
-Isolated language is not connected to any other family tree.

8. A Pre-Indo-European Survivor:Basque.
An example of an isolated language in Europe is Basque because it is only spoken in Europe
The language is spoken in the Pyrenees Mountains of Northern Spain and Southwestern France
The lack of connection to other people, languages and it’s isolation to the outside world is the reason why it has helped the language from diffusing to other places.

9. An Unchanging Language: Icelandic.
Icelandic related to other languages in the North Germanic group of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family
Over the past 1,000 years it has changed less than any other language on the Germanic branch
Since Icelandic is so much more isolated than any Germanic branch language it has had a less opportunity to learn new words and find no reason why to change their language.

10. A “Discovered” Language: Koro AKA.
Isolated languages continue to be discovered and documented.For Ex. A team heard of people in India speaking another language not listed in sources such as Ethnologue
The researchers discovered the language was known as Koro AKA a language that belongs to Tibeto-Burman branch of Sino-Tibetan
Koro AKA have 1,000 speakers in northeastern India.
Ethnologue:Languages of the World is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages

11. Extinct and Revived Languages
Many languages are Extinct Languages that were once in use even recently in the past but no longer used in daily activities by anyone
Ethnologue is one of the 473 languages to face extinction due to few older speakers are still living and not teaching the younger
According to Ethnologue,46 of these extinct languages are in Africa,182 in the Americas,84 in Asia,9 in Europe and 152 in the Pacific.

12. Many Extinct Languages: Native Americans.
When Spanish missionaries reached the eastern Amazon region of Peru in the 16th century,they found more than 500 languages
Only 92 survived today,according to Ethnologue,and 14 of these faced extinction because less than 100 speakers remain
Ethnologue list 74 languages based in the U.S that are now extinct.

13. An Extinct Language: Gothic.
-Gothic was widely spoken in Eastern and Northern Europe in the 3rd century
Not only did Gothic go extinct but so did the whole language group that belonged to it,the Eastern Germanic group of the Germanic branch of Indo-European
The Goth language died because the descendants of the Goths were converted into other languages.
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14. Reviving An Extinct Language:Hebrew.
-Hebrew in rare cases is an extinct language that has been revived.
-Most of the Jewish Bible was written in Hebrew.Hebrew was diminished its use in the 4th century B.C,and was only used for Jewish religious services.
-When Israel became its own country Hebrew became one of its two official languages .
-Hebrew was still used in Jewish prayers,no other language could be replaced the symbolic unity of the cultural groups in the country.

15. Preserving Endangered Languages:Celtic
Many Languages are endangered of becoming extinct.
Many experts think that only about 300 languages are going to still be spoken.
The reason is because a lot of people are speaking the languages.They also have government support.
Celtic languages were spoken in much of present-day Germany, France, and northern Italy.

16. Preserving Endangered Languages:Celtic Cornish
The language Cornish became extinct in 1777.
The last person to be known to be able to speak the language was Dolly Pentreath who lived in Mousehole.
Before she died a English historian wrote down as much as they could of her speech.
The notes were used to teach people the Cornish language.
One of of her last words were translated to say” I will not speak English , you ugly black toad!”.
At least a hundred people have become fluent in the language .
Cornish is taught in grade schools and adult evening courses. In attempt to keep the language preserved.

17. Preserving Endangered Languages:Celtic Welsh (Brythonic)
Wales was conquered by the English in 1283.
Welsh was a powerful language in Wales.
Around the nineteenth century many English speakers moved to Welsh to work in coal mines and factories.
English was being spoken more than welsh.
Britain’s 1998 Education Act passed a law that required welsh to be a taught in all schools in Wales.

18. Preserving Endangered Languages:Celtic Scottish
Scotland has 1 percent of people being able to speak Scottish Gaelic.
Gaelic was brought from Ireland to Scotland about 1,500 years ago.
The Robert burns poem “ Auld Lang Syne” (old long since) the basis for the popular New Year’s Eve song, shows the extensive body of literature in Gaelic languages.

19. Preserving Endangered Languages:Celtic Breton
More than around 250,000 people speak Breton regularly.
Breton has more French words so it differs from the other Celtic Languages .

20. Preserving Aboriginal and Maori in Australia and New Zealand: Australia
English in Australia have impacted them a lot .
Schools are teaching their students how to speak english instead of their local languages.
One percent of Australia population are Aboriginal
This is why aboriginal culture elements are now being preserved

21. Preserving Aboriginal and Maori in Australia and New Zealand
English is a language that has been mostly used in Australia and New Zealand because during the early nineteenth century the british colonies settled there and took their language and culture with them .

22. Aboriginal : something or someone who existed in the land in the earliest times

23. Preserving Aboriginal and Maori in Australia and New Zealand : New Zealand
The Maori language is an eastern polynesian language.
More than 10% of New Zealand population are Maori.
New Zealand adopted policies to preserve the maori language.
Maori has become one of the three official languages, but only one percent of the population that are over the age of 50 speak it .

24. Preserving Occitan in France
Most important linguistic difference within France is between the North and the South.
In the North the most commonly spoken language is French.
Occitan is spoken by about 2 million people in Southern France and adjacent countries.
The name “Occitan” comes from the French region of Aquitaine(Bordeaux).

25. Preserving Occitan in France
Most important linguistic difference within France is between the North and the South.
In the North the most commonly spoken language is French.
Occitan is spoken by about 2 million people in Southern France and adjacent countries.
The name “Occitan” comes from the French region of Aquitaine(Bordeaux).

26. Global Dominance of English
The international language in the world is English.
Bankers from Sweden speak German, and German bankers prefer to speak English rather than German.
In companies from Italy you expect there language to be to be italian but no it’s english.
English is spoken from 328 million people throughout the world. It is also the official language to 37 countries in the world.
English is way more spoken than any other language in the world. More than 2 billion people in the world live in a place that English is being spoken even if they don’t understand it.

27. Global Dominance of English
English: An example of a Lingua Franca
The language English is known as lingua franca.
People from small countries had to learn english in order to learn global economy and culture.

28. Expansion Diffusion of English
The recent growth in the use of English is a prime example of expansion diffusion.
Many people are fusing the English language with other languages.
Some African Americans speak a dialect of English. Appalachians speak “standard” English outside of their home but at home they speak in their regional dialect.
Appalachian communities have very unique dialect, for example saying “holler” instead of hollow.

29. Diffusion to Other Languages
English words have become a part of other languages.
A lot of people fuse languages some examples of them are Franglish, Spanglish, and Denglish. All of them are fused with English.
In the U.S, 34 million Hispanics created and speak Spanglish. Denglish is used in commercials and slogans in Germany.
French are upset that some English words diffused into France. The most common language in Europe is English (UK) so that means that the language diffused out of the UK.