1. Geography and Language: Preservation of Language

2. Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?
Language Diversity
Difficulties can arise at the boundary between two languages.
Varying degrees of difficulties
Belgium
Southern Belgians (Walloons) speak French.
Northern Belgians (Flemings) speak Flemish.
Pressure from Flemish speakers led to the division of Belgium into two independent regions with each controlling their own cultural affairs, public health, road construction, and urban development.
Switzerland
Cont’d on next slide.
Antagonism between the Flemings and Walloons is aggravated by economic and political differences. Historically, Flemings dominated Belgians economy and politics, and French is the official state language

3. FIGURE 5-27 LANGUAGES IN BELGIUM FLEMINGS in the north speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect. Walloons in the south speak French. The two groups have had difficulty sharing national power.

4. Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?
Language Diversity
Difficulties can arise at the boundary between two languages.
Varying degrees of difficulties
Switzerland
Peacefully exists with multiple languages.
Switzerland attributes success to decentralized government, in which local authorities hold most of the power, and decisions are frequently made on a local level by voter referenda.
Four official languages—German (65%), French (18%), Italian (10%), and Romansh (1%)

5. FIGURE 5-29 LANGUAGE DIVERSITY IN SWITZERLAND The map shows Switzerland’s four official languages. The photo shows a sign that prevents hikers, vehicles, and horses from entering the forest because of timber cutting. German is top left, French top right, Italian lower left, and Romansh lower right. Switzerland lives peacefully with four official languages, including Romansh, which is used by only 1 percent of the population.

6. Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?
Isolated Languages
An isolated language is one unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family.
Arise from lack of interaction with speakers of other languages.
Ex. Basque in Europe
Only language currently spoken that survives since the period before the arrival of Indo-European speakers.
First language of 666,000 people in the Pyrenees Mountains of northern Spain and southwestern France.
Mountain chain serving as a natural barrier to diffusion helped them preserve their language.
Ex. Icelandic
Language has changed less than any other Germanic language.

7. Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?
Extinct and Revived Languages
An extinct language is one that is no longer spoken or read in daily activities by anyone in the world.
Presently, 473 languages nearly extinct
46 in Africa
182 in Americas
84 in Asia
9 in Europe
152 in Pacific
Ex. Native Americans
74 languages extinct in the United States that were once spoken by Native Americans.
Hebrew is a rare case of a language being revived. Efforts are being made to update the ancient language to reflect modern advances, such as words for telephones, cars, and electricity.

8. Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?
Preserving Endangered Languages: Celtic
Linguists expect hundreds of languages will become extinct during the twenty-first century.
Only about 300 languages are said to be safe from extinction.
Celtic Language
Significant to English speakers because of its primacy in the British Isles.
Survives only in remote parts of Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, and on the Brittany peninsula of France.
Celtic speakers must work hard to preserve their language in face of diffusion by others who have greater political and economic strength.

9. Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?
Global Dominance of English
A lingua franca is a language of international communication.
Ex. English
First language of 328 million people
Spoken fluently by another ½ to 1 billion people.
Official language in 57 countries
People in smaller countries learn English to participate more fully in the global economy and culture.
Other Examples
Swahili in East Africa
Hindi in South Asia
Indonesian in Southeast Asia
Russian in former Soviet Union.

10. Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?
Global Dominance of English
English on the Internet
Majority of content on Internet is in English.
Dominance of content in English is waning.
Percentage of English-language online users declined from 46 percent in 2000 to 27 percent in 2010.
Mandarin will likely replace English as the most-frequently used online language before 2020.

11. FIGURE 5-50 LANGUAGES OF ONLINE SPEAKERS English remains the most widely used language on the Internet, but Chinese is growing more rapidly.

12. Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?
Global Dominance of English
Expansion Diffusion of English
Recent growth in the use of English is an example of expansion diffusion—the spread of a trait through the snowballing effect of an idea.
Expansion has occurred in two ways with English.
English is changing through diffusion of new vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.
English words are fusing with other languages.
Ex. Words, such as cowboy, hamburger, jeans, and T-shirt were allowed to diffuse into French.
Ex. English words have spurred the creation of English-like words to replace traditional Spanish words, such as parquin (Spanglish) for estacionamiento (Spanish)
Unlike most exmaples of expansion diffusion, English has been a bottom-to-top approach with percolated from common usage rather than brought by the elite.

13. FIGURE 5-46 SPANGLISH A restaurant in Santa Ana, California, mixes Spanish and English.

14. Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?
Spanish and French in the United States and Canada
Spanish
Increasingly important language in recent years in United States because of large-scale immigration from Latin America.
Some communities now issue public notices, government documents, and advertisements in Spanish.
Radio stations and TV now broadcast in Spanish in places where most of the 35 million Spanish speakers live.
In reaction, 30 states and number of localities have laws making English the official language.
Some courts have judged these laws to be unconstitutional restrictions on free speech.

15. FIGURE 5-48 SPANISH SPEAKERS IN THE UNITED STATES The largest percentages of Spanish speakers are in the Southwest and in Florida.

16. Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?
Spanish and French in the United States and Canada
French
Québec government has made the use of French mandatory in many daily activities.
Québec faces challenges integrating a large number of immigrants from Europe, Asia, and Latin America who don’t speak French.
Immigrants prefer to use English as the lingua franca because of its greater global usage.

17. Summary
Languages can be classified as belonging to particular families. Some families are divided into branches and groups.
English is in the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. Because nearly ½ of all humans currently speak a language in the same family, English is related to other languages.
Languages vary among places because of the regional influence on language that stems from isolation.

18. Summary
People preserve local languages, because a culture’s identity is intimately intertwined with its local language.