1. Social Structure and Society
Chapter 4

3. Types of Statuses

4. Rights and Obligations
Rights: A behavior that individuals can expect from others
Obligations: A behavior that individuals are expected to perform towards others

5. Role Strain vs. Role Conflict

6. Deviance and Social Control
Chapter 7

7. Objectives: Section 1: Deviance Define deviance
Explain the nature and social functions of deviance.
Compare the theories that have been proposed to explain deviance.

8. Read the following behaviors
Continuously talking to oneself in public
Drag racing on a public street or highway
Regularly using illegal drugs
A man wearing woman’s clothing
Attacking another person with a weapon
What do they all have in common?

9. Deviance
Most people internalize the majority of the norms in their societies, but may not internalize all the norms and so there isn’t total social control
There are always people who break the rules of a society
Behavior that violates significant social norms is called deviance

10. Nature of Deviance
Because there are so many norms governing behavior, occasional violations are unavoidable
What is considered deviant varies from society to society…
society determines what is deviant
Society determines the consequences for deviant behavior

11. How does a person come to be considered a deviant?
people are considered deviant for repeat behavior
So if they once get a ticket for driving their car too fast…that is not deviant
If they continue to be caught driving at high speeds and have reputation of a reckless driver, then called a deviant
commits an act that has serious negative consequences for society
i.e. rape, murder, sexual assault, robbery

12. How do we know something is deviant?
Labeling deviance has 2 components:
to be considered deviant by society, an individual must first be detected committing a deviant act, behavior is known to others
the individual must be stigmatized by society
stigma – mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society
Cut/burn marks on person, public punishments, executions, imprisonment, cut direct , spoiled reputation
What is considered deviant varies from society to society and during different time periods

13. Social Functions of Deviance
Emile Durkheim’s The Rules of Sociological Method observed that deviance has some uses in social life.
Unifying the Group – serves to draw the line between conforming members of society and “outsiders” – the nonconforming members
Clarifying Norms – defines the boundaries of acceptable behavior
Diffusing Tension – acts that allow individuals to relieve tension without disrupting the basic fabric of society

14. Social Functions of Deviance
4. Promoting Social Change – can help prompt social change by identifying problem areas
Providing Jobs – provides legitimate jobs for a wide range of people
judges, lawyers, police officers, prison personnel, parole officers, crime reporters
criminologists – social scientists who study criminal behavior
(continued)

16. DEVIANCE- BEHAVIOR THAT DEPARTS FROM SOCIETAL OR GROUP NORMS

17. SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS MEDIA EXPECTS FIT AND TONE

18. POSITIVE DEVIANCE BEHAVIOR THAT OVER CONFORMS TO SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS
Anorexia and bodybuilding is over conforming
Steroids is over conforming

19. NEGATIVE DEVIANCE BEHAVIOR THAT UNDER CONFORMS TO SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS
Obesity is under conforming

20. ROBERT MERTON’S STRAIN THEORY
Theory that deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the ability to achieve these goals by legitimate means. 20

21. ROBERT MERTON’S STRAIN THEORY
If US Cultural Goals = success and materialism
And Means of Achievement = education and hard work
Conformity is when you accept the goals and the means to achieve it.

22. 22

23. ROBERT MERTON’S STRAIN THEORY
Innovation-individual accepts the goal of success but uses illegal means to get it. (drug dealing)
Ritualism-the individual rejects the goal but continues to use legitimate means (teacher that doesn’t care) 23

24. ROBERT MERTON’S STRAIN THEORY
Retreatism-is a deviant response in which both the legitimate means and the approved goals are rejected (drug addicts)
Rebellion-people reject both success and the approved means for achieving it (ISIS, KKK) 24

25. ROBERT MERTON’S STRAIN THEORY

26. ROBERT MERTON’S STRAIN THEORY

27. ROBERT MERTON’S STRAIN THEORY

28. TRAVIS HIRSCHI CONTROL THEORY
Theory that compliance with social norms requires strong bonds between individuals and society
People do this because they don’t want to “lose face” with their significant others 28

29. TRAVIS HIRSCHI CONTROL THEORY
Four Types of Social Bonds
Attachment-the stronger your attached to groups or individuals, the more likely you are to conform
Commitment-the greater your commitment to social goals, the more likely you are to conform
Involvement-participation in approved social activities increases the probability of conformity
Belief-belief in the norms and values of society promotes conformity 29

30. HIRSCHI CONTROL THEORY

31. Shaming Theory (John Braithwaite)
Two ways to deal with deviant people
Disintegrative shaming: wrongdoer is stigmatized, rejected, banished from conventional society (tends to lead to more deviance)
Reintegrative shaming: making wrongdoer feel guilty, yet showing forgiveness, understanding (discourages deviance)

32. Shaming Theory

33. Sex Offender Registry Board (SORB)
Sex Offenders
Level 1: Low and often times public nudity, public urination, streaking, and the such.
Level 2:Medium and often a one or limited offense, statutory rape
Level 3:High and often repeat offenders who are a danger to society.
Sex Offender Registry Board (SORB)
Home Facts
Family Watchdog

34. DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY Edwin Sutherland
Theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to number of deviant acts they are exposed to
The ratio of deviant to non-deviant individuals
Whether the deviant behavior is practiced by significant others
The age of exposure 34

35. DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY Edwin Sutherland

36. DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY Edwin Sutherland

37. HOWARD BECKER LABELING THEORY
Theory that society creates deviance by identifying particular members as deviant and how society reacts to those labels
Example: unmarried pregnant women more deviant than the teenage biological father
Example: middle class youth ‘borrows’ a car and a lower class youth ‘steals’ the car and goes to court
Whore, creep, cheater, thief, slob, etc... 37

38. EDWIN LEMERT PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DEVIANCE
Primary Deviance-deviance involving occasional breaking of norms that is not a part of a person’s lifestyle
Questions: how many have stolen? Lied? Cheated? Drank under age? How many still say you’re a good person?
Those that admit to breaking a norm but don’t consider themselves deviant 38

39. EDWIN LEMERT PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DEVIANCE
Secondary Deviance-deviance in which an individuals life and identity are organized around breaking society’s norms 39

40. Functionalist Theory

41. Theories of Deviance #1 Structural-Strain Theory–
Proposed by Robert K. Merton
Theory views deviance is a natural part of society and as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structures of society
American society places high value on certain goals, not everyone has access to legitimate means to achieve these goals
People are judged on the basis of how well they meet those goals
under the strain of incompatible goals and means, individuals fall victim to anomie
anomie – situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable, leave individuals without guidelines for behavior and confusion

42. Mode of Adaptation
Definition
Stand on Cultural Goals
Stand on Cultural Norms
Conformity
many accept culturally approved goals and means of achieving these goals
Accept
Innovation
accept cultural goals, but do not accept the approved means to reaching these goals, devise new means for achieving goals and then violate accepted norms (become deviants)
Reject
Ritualism
find it impossible to achieve cultural goals by acceptable means, they abandon the goals while continuing expected rules of behavior
Retreatism
reject both cultural goals and acceptable means of attaining them, may drop out of society
Rebellion
want to substitute a new set of goals and means for the approved set
Reject and Replace

43. Conflict Theory

44. Interactionists
as either natural in people with weak ties to the community (control theory)
as a learned behavior (cultural transmission theory)
or as a label (labeling theory)

45. Theories of Deviance #4
Cultural Transmission theory [Interactionist]– based on socialization and sees
deviance is a learned behavior
Learned through interaction with others who are engaging in deviant acts
the norms and values being transmitted are deviant, the individual becomes socialized into deviant behavior rather than socially acceptable behavior
cultural transmission views all individuals as conformists
difference between deviants and rest of society is the norms the individual chooses to conform to
Deviant chooses to conform to norms that are not accepted by the larger community

46. Objectives: Section 2: Crime
Identify the principal types of crime in the United States.
Explain the characteristics of the American criminal-justice system.

47. What is crime?
crime – any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government

48. Crime Statistics
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) published annually by the FBI
chart page 187
limits on statistics:
not all complaints make it to official stats of formal reports
not all crime reported (family or friends)
only file formal reports on serious crime
officer is influenced to file a formal report based on attitude of individual making the complaint

49. Principal Types of Crime in the U.S.
1. Violent Crime – includes murder, robbery; most victims are African Americans; small percent of all crimes committed
Robbery- larceny from the person or presence of another by violence or threat.
2. Crime Against Property – stealing or damaging other’s property; includes burglary, larceny (theft other than auto), vehicle theft, arson; more common than violent crimes (1 every 3 seconds)
Burglary- the act of breaking and entering a dwelling at night to commit a felony
Larceny- the unlawful taking and removal of another person's property.
3. Victimless Crime – includes prostitution, gambling, illegal drug use; offender is the only victim

50. 4. White Collar Crime – committed by high-status individuals in the course of their professions (politicians, corporate employees); includes fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement; estimate costs of $300 billion
(continued)
Bernie Madoff

51. 5. Organized Crime – the pursuit of crime as a big business, use legitimate business as a front for criminal activities
crime syndicate – large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or business through violence or the threat of violence

53. Juvenile-Justice System
SECTION 2
Parts of the Criminal Justice System- Dealing with Crime
AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
Police
have the most control over who is arrested for crimes; use police discretion, which has raised the controversial issue of racial profiling
Courts
determines the accused’s guilt or innocence in a court trial and then assigns a punishment; actually settles 90 percent of cases through plea bargaining
Corrections
includes probation, imprisonment, parole; serves four functions—retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and social protection
Juvenile-Justice System
applies to offenders younger than 18; guarantees juvenile defendants the same legal rights and privileges as adults; often provides more services

54. Police – have most immediate control over who is arrested for a criminal act
police discretion – police have the power to decide who is actually arrested
size of population, number of criminal offenses, and number of police officers make discretion necessary
factors that influence police discretion: seriousness of offense, wishes of the victim, attitude of suspect, presence of bystanders, race
racial profiling - practice of assuming that nonwhite Americans are more likely to commit crime than white Americans

55. Courts – determine the guilt or innocence of an accused person by means of a trial and assigns some form of punishment if there is a guilty finding
90% of all case are settled through plea bargaining
plea bargaining – process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentences
allows courts to reduce volume of caseloads with avoiding expensive and time-consuming trials

56. Corrections – sanctions (prison, parole, probation) used to punish those found guilty of crimes
sanctions serve 4 functions
retribution: act of revenge for victim and society
deterrence: discourage offenders from committing future crimes
rehabilitation: reform criminals so they can return to society as law-abiding citizens
social protection: prevent additional crimes
recidivism – term for repeated criminal behaviors, 62% of released prisoners will be charged with new crimes, 41% will return to prison within 3 years

58. Amnestyusa.org

59. try to provide more services
Juvenile-Justice System – used to punish offenders younger than age 18, developed in the 1960s
courts must now guarantee juveniles same legal rights and privileges as adult defendants
try to provide more services
can be tried as adults for serious offenses

60. 5 year sentence w/o parole 10 year sentence w/o parole
CRACK Vs. COCAINE
Crack-Cocaine-5 grams = 5 years
Powder Cocaine-50 grams = 5 years
News Article
Types of Drugs
5 year sentence w/o parole
10 year sentence w/o parole
LSD
1 gram
10 grams
Marijuana
100 plants/100 kilos
1000 plants/1000 kilos
Crack-Cocaine
5 grams
50 grams
Powder Cocaine
5 kilos
Heroin
100 grams
1 kilo
Methamphetamine
PCP 62

61. CRACK Vs. COCAINE Are crack and powder cocaine the same drug?
Yes, they are the same drug. Both are cocaine.
So then what’s the difference between the two? Tell me about crack vs. cocaine.
The actual chemical effects of crack vs. powder cocaine are not different. However, the chemical makeup of crack vs. powder cocaine does slightly differ.

62. CRACK Vs. COCAINE
Powder cocaine is the hydrochloride salt form (cocaine HCL). This is how cocaine exists "in nature" from coca leaves. As a salt, it is soluble in water, stable as a powder, and usually snorted through the nose and absorbed through nasal mucosa membranes. It can also be dissolved in water or melted and injected.
Crack cocaine is the free base form of cocaine. There is a longer scientific explanation, but basically, it is not a salt. It is powder cocaine that has been processed with a base, such as baking soda, to remove the HCL. In its “free base” form cocaine is more lipophilic-- meaning it’s able to be rapidly absorbed when smoked.

63. American corrections Sentencing Project
Deterrence-discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment
Retribution-punishment intended to make criminals pay compensation for their acts
Incarceration-a method of protecting society from criminals by keeping them in prisons
Rehabilitation-process of changing or reforming a criminal through socialization 65

64. American Corrections Sentencing Project
Prison-an institution for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felonies. (more than 3 years)
Jail-a facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees or sentenced misdemeanants for periods longer than 48 hours but less than 3 years.
Probation-a sentence allowing the offender to serve the sanctions imposed by the court while living in the community under supervision.
Parole-the conditional release of an inmate from incarceration, under supervision, but after part of the prison sentence has been served. 66

65. American Corrections
Race-traditionally, a biological concept used to distinguish groups of people by their skin color and other physical features (American Corrections).
Ethnicity-concept used to distinguish people according to their cultural characteristics-language, religion, and group traditions (American Corrections). 67

66. American Corrections
Disparity-the unequal treatment of one group by the criminal justice system, compared with the treatment accorded other groups (American Corrections).
Discrimination-differential treatment of an individual or group without reference to the behavior or qualifications of the same (American Corrections). 68

67. Racial Composition of US population and prison population (2008)
US Population Breakdown
79.79% White American,
12.84% African American,
4.45% Asian American,
1.01% American Indian or Alaska Native,
0.18% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander American,
1.69% Multiracial American
15.25% of the total US population identified their ethnicity as Hispanic.
Sentencing Project
Prison Population Breakdown
60.21% African American (non-Hispanic),
20.29% Hispanic,
13.44% White American (non-Hispanic) ,
6.06% Other (American Indian, Alaska Native, Asian American, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander American, and Multiracial American). 69

68. Correctional Supervision
AMERICAN CORRECTIONS
Correctional Supervision
53.1% Probation
27.6% Prison
9.2% Jail
10% Parole
Sentencing Project
Department
Local
State
Federal
Police
66.5
13.8
19.7
Judiciary
39.2
35.6
25.2
Corrections
27.8
63.7
8.6 70

69. AMERICAN CORRECTIONS
Criminal Justice System-system comprising institutions and processes responsible for enforcing criminal statues
The criminal justice system may draw on four approaches to control and punish lawbreakers: deterrence, retribution, incarceration, and rehabilitation. 71

70. AMERICAN CORRECTIONS SENTENCING
Indeterminate-(1-5, 3-10; a minimum and a maximum) possible parole after minimum but determined by parole board
Determinate-(2, 5, 10) a fixed period of incarceration minus credited good time, prisoner is automatically free. Time of release is not tied to anything. 72