1. 13–4 Applications of Genetic Engineering
Photo credit: ©Anup Shah/Dembinsky Photo Associates
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

2. Applications of Genetic Engineering
Transforming Bacteria
How can you tell if a transformation experiment has been successful?
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

3. Applications of Genetic Engineering
If transformation is successful, the recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

4. Applications of Genetic Engineering
If transformation is successful, the recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

5. Applications of Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering produces organisms with new traits.
A transgenic organism has one or more genes from another organism inserted into its genome.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 5

6. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Recombinant DNA
DNA with genes from more than one organism
Genes often inserted into bacterial plasmids
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

7. Applications of Genetic Engineering
Transgenic bacteria can be used to produce human proteins.
Have plasmid with recombinant DNA
Used to make human insulin
Transgenic plants are common in agriculture.
Bacteria with recombinant DNA infect a plant
Used to make crops resistant to drought, disease, pests, frost
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7

8. Applications of Genetic Engineering
Transgenic bacteria can be used in animals.
transgenic mice are used for medical research to study development and disease
Gene must be inserted in fertilized egg
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8

9. Applications of Genetic Engineering
Scientists have concerns about some uses of genetic engineering.
possible long-term health effects of eating GM foods
possible effects of GM plants on ecosystems and biodiversity; possible unintended consequences
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 9

10. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Genetic Screening
Genetic Screening
Genetic screening is the process of testing DNA to determine the risk of having or passing on a genetic disorder
Can involve pedigree analysis
Detecting disorders
test can detect genes that produce disorders such as cystic fibrosis
Detecting disease risk
tests for genes related to an increased risk of cancer, heart disease, etc
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

11. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Gene Therapy
Gene therapy is the replacement of faulty genes.
Gene therapy replaces defective or missing genes, or adds new genes, to treat a disease.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11

12. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Gene Therapy
Several experimental techniques are used for gene therapy.
genetically engineered viruses
used to “infect” a patient’s cells. The “desired” gene is inserted into the cells by the virus.
stimulate immune system
--genes inserted to stimulate a person’s immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells
insert “suicide” genes
--gene inserted into cancer cells that will activate a chemical to kill the cells without affecting normal cells
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12

13. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Gene Therapy
Gene therapy has many technical challenges.
inserting gene into correct cells
controlling gene expression
determining effect on other genes
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 13

14. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cloning
Entire organisms can be cloned
A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 14

15. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cloning
Cloning occurs in nature.
bacteria (binary fission)
some plants (from roots)
some simple animals (budding, regeneration)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 15

16. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cloning
Mammals can be cloned
through a process called nuclear transfer
Low success rate
Dolly the sheep first clone of adult mammal
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 16

17. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cloning
Cloning has potential benefits.
Could be used in medical treatments; organs for transplant into humans
save endangered species or bring back extinct species
Cloning raises concerns.
low success rate
clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original animal
decreased biodiversity
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 17

18. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cloning
Cloning
A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell.
In 1997, Ian Wilmut cloned a sheep called Dolly.
Dolly and Bonnie
The adult sheep is Dolly, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. The lamb is Dolly’s first offspring, called Bonnie. The fact that Dolly was cloned did not affect her ability to produce a live offspring. Photo Credit: PA News
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

19. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cloning
Cloning Dolly
Donor Nucleus
Fused cell
Egg Cell
In early 1997, Dolly made headlines as the first clone of an adult mammal. 
Embryo
Cloned Lamb
Foster Mother
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

20. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cloning
Cloning Dolly
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

21. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cloning
Cloning Dolly
In early 1997, Dolly made headlines as the first clone of an adult mammal. 
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

22. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cloning
Cloning Dolly
In early 1997, Dolly made headlines as the first clone of an adult mammal. 
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

23. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cloning
Cloning Dolly
In early 1997, Dolly made headlines as the first clone of an adult mammal. 
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

24. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cloning
Cloning Dolly
In early 1997, Dolly made headlines as the first clone of an adult mammal. 
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

25. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cloning
Cloning Dolly
In early 1997, Dolly made headlines as the first clone of an adult mammal. 
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

26. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cloning
Researchers hope cloning will enable them to make copies of transgenic animals and help save endangered species.
Studies suggest that cloned animals may suffer from a number of genetic defects and health problems.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

27. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
13–4
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

28. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
13–4
Insulin-dependent diabetes can now be treated with insulin produced through the use of
transgenic plants.
transgenic animals.
transgenic microorganisms.
transgenic fungi.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

29. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
13–4
Transgenic tobacco plants that glow in the dark were produced by transferring the gene for luciferase from a
clone.
bacterium.
firefly.
jellyfish.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

30. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
13–4
The first mammal to be cloned was a
sheep.
horse.
dog.
cat.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

31. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
13–4
In producing a cloned animal, an egg cell is taken from a female and its nucleus is removed. A body cell is taken from a male. The clone from this experiment will
look just like the female.
be genetically identical to the male.
have a mixture of characteristics from both animals.
resemble neither the male nor the female.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

32. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
13–4
Animals produced by cloning have been shown to
all be perfectly healthy.
suffer from a number of health problems.
live longer than uncloned animals.
be less intelligent than uncloned animals.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

33. END OF SECTION