1. End Show Slide 1 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology

2. End Show Slide 2 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 13-3 Cell Transformation Recombinant DNA Host Cell DNA Target gene Modified Host Cell DNA

3. End Show 13-3 Cell Transformation Slide 3 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transforming Bacteria What happens during cell transformation?

4. End Show 13-3 Cell Transformation Slide 4 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transforming Bacteria During transformation, a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. The external DNA becomes a component of the cell's DNA.

5. End Show 13-3 Cell Transformation Slide 5 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transforming Bacteria Foreign DNA is first joined to a small, circular DNA molecule known as a plasmid. Plasmids are found naturally in some bacteria and have been very useful for DNA transfer.

6. End Show 13-3 Cell Transformation Slide 6 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transforming Bacteria The plasmid has a genetic marker—a gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid (and the foreign DNA) from those that don't.

7. End Show 13-3 Cell Transformation Slide 7 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transforming Bacteria Recombinant DNA Gene for human growth hormone Human Cell Bacteria cell Bacterial chromosome Plasmid Sticky ends DNA recombination Bacteria cell containing gene for human growth hormone DNA insertion

8. End Show 13-3 Cell Transformation Slide 8 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transforming Plant Cells How can you tell if a transformation experiment has been successful?

9. End Show 13-3 Cell Transformation Slide 9 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transforming Plant Cells If transformation is successful, the recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell.

10. End Show 13-3 Cell Transformation Slide 10 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transforming Plant Cells In nature, a bacterium exists that produces tumors in plant cells. Researchers can inactivate the tumor-producing gene found in this bacterium and insert a piece of foreign DNA into the plasmid. The recombinant plasmid can then be used to infect plant cells.

11. End Show 13-3 Cell Transformation Slide 11 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transforming Plant Cells When their cell walls are removed, plant cells in culture will sometimes take up DNA on their own. DNA can also be injected directly into some cells. Cells transformed by either procedure can be cultured to produce adult plants.

12. End Show 13-3 Cell Transformation Slide 12 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transforming Plant Cells Complete plant generated from transformed cell. Inside plant cell, Agrobacterium inserts part of its DNA into host cell chromosome. Plant cell colonies Transformed bacteria introduce plasmids into plant cells. Agrobacterium tumefaciens Cellular DNA Gene to be transferred Recombinant plasmid

13. End Show 13-3 Cell Transformation Slide 13 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transforming Animal Cells Many egg cells are large enough that DNA can be directly injected into the nucleus. Enzymes may help to insert the foreign DNA into the chromosomes of the injected cell. DNA molecules used for transformation of animal and plant cells contain marker genes.

14. End Show 13-3 Cell Transformation Slide 14 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transforming Animal Cells DNA molecules can be constructed with two ends that will sometimes recombine with specific sequences in the host chromosome. The host gene normally found between those two sequences may be lost or replaced with a new gene.

15. End Show 13-3 Cell Transformation Slide 15 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transforming Animal Cells Recombinant DNA Modified Host Cell DNA Target gene Flanking sequences match host Recombinant DNA replaces target gene

16. End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 16 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 13-3

17. End Show Slide 17 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 13-3 Plasmids can be used to transform a.bacteria only. b.plant cells only. c.plant, animal, and bacterial cells. d.animal cells only.

18. End Show Slide 18 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 13-3 An unknowing pioneer in the concept of cell transformation was a.Luther Burbank. b.Frederick Griffith. c.Oswald Avery. d.James Watson.

19. End Show Slide 19 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 13-3 One reason plasmids are useful in cell transformation is that they a.are found in all types of cells. b.prevent gene replication. c.counteract the presence of foreign DNA. d.have genetic markers indicating their presence.

20. End Show Slide 20 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 13-3 A common method of determining whether bacteria have taken in a recombinant plasmid is to a.introduce them into plant cells. b.introduce them into animal cells. c.treat them with an antibiotic. d.mix them with other bacteria that do not have the plasmid.

21. End Show Slide 21 of 21 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 13-3 Successful transformation of an animal or a plant cell involves a.the integration of recombinant DNA into the cell’s chromosome. b.changing the cell’s chromosomes into plasmids. c.treating the cell with antibiotics. d.destroying the cell wall in advance.

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23. End Show Slide 23 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology

24. End Show Slide 24 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 13–4 Applications of Genetic Engineering

25. End Show 13–4 Applications of Genetic Engineering Slide 25 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transgenic Organisms An organism described as transgenic, contains genes from other species.

26. End Show 13–4 Applications of Genetic Engineering Slide 26 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall How are transgenic organisms useful to human beings? Transgenic Organisms

27. End Show 13–4 Applications of Genetic Engineering Slide 27 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transgenic Organisms Genetic engineering has spurred the growth of biotechnology.

28. End Show 13–4 Applications of Genetic Engineering Slide 28 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transgenic Organisms Transgenic Microorganisms Transgenic bacteria produce important substances useful for health and industry. Transgenic bacteria have been used to produce: insulin growth hormone clotting factor

29. End Show 13–4 Applications of Genetic Engineering Slide 29 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transgenic Organisms Transgenic Animals Transgenic animals have been used to study genes and to improve the food supply. Mice have been produced with human genes that make their immune systems act similarly to those of humans. This allows scientists to study the effects of diseases on the human immune system.

30. End Show 13–4 Applications of Genetic Engineering Slide 30 of 24 Transgenic Organisms Researchers are trying to produce transgenic chickens that will be resistant to the bacterial infections that can cause food poisoning. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

31. End Show 13–4 Applications of Genetic Engineering Slide 31 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transgenic Organisms Transgenic Plants Transgenic plants are now an important part of our food supply. Many of these plants contain a gene that produces a natural insecticide, so plants don’t have to be sprayed with pesticides. Ex) Bt CornBt Corn

32. End Show 13–4 Applications of Genetic Engineering Slide 32 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell. In 1997, Ian Wilmut cloned a sheep called Dolly. Dolly and Bonnie

33. End Show 13–4 Applications of Genetic Engineering Slide 33 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Cloning Dolly Donor Nucleus Fused cell Embryo Egg Cell Foster Mother Cloned Lamb

34. End Show 13–4 Applications of Genetic Engineering Slide 34 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Cloning Dolly

35. End Show 13–4 Applications of Genetic Engineering Slide 35 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Cloning Dolly

36. End Show 13–4 Applications of Genetic Engineering Slide 36 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Cloning Dolly

37. End Show 13–4 Applications of Genetic Engineering Slide 37 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Cloning Dolly

38. End Show 13–4 Applications of Genetic Engineering Slide 38 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Cloning Dolly

39. End Show 13–4 Applications of Genetic Engineering Slide 39 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Cloning Dolly

40. End Show 13–4 Applications of Genetic Engineering Slide 40 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Researchers hope cloning will enable them to make copies of transgenic animals and help save endangered species. Studies suggest that cloned animals may suffer from a number of genetic defects and health problems. Why do you think this is so?

41. End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 41 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 13–4

42. End Show Slide 42 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 13–4 Insulin-dependent diabetes can now be treated with insulin produced through the use of a.transgenic plants. b.transgenic animals. c.transgenic microorganisms. d.transgenic fungi.

43. End Show Slide 43 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 13–4 Transgenic tobacco plants that glow in the dark were produced by transferring the gene for luciferase from a a.clone. b.bacterium. c.firefly. d.jellyfish.

44. End Show Slide 44 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 13–4 The first mammal to be cloned was a a.sheep. b.horse. c.dog. d.cat.

45. End Show Slide 45 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 13–4 In producing a cloned animal, an egg cell is taken from a female and its nucleus is removed. A body cell is taken from a male. The clone from this experiment will a.look just like the female. b.be genetically identical to the male. c.have a mixture of characteristics from both animals. d.resemble neither the male nor the female.

46. End Show Slide 46 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 13–4 Animals produced by cloning have been shown to a.all be perfectly healthy. b.suffer from a number of health problems. c.live longer than uncloned animals. d.be less intelligent than uncloned animals.

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