1. WELCOME BACK!!! In Activity: Copy & Complete in ISN
Based on this cladogram:
Which organism is most related to the Chimp?
Which organism is least related to the Chimp?
What characteristic do all organisms except the Hagfish share?
What characteristics do Pigeons have different form other organisms?

2. Classification/Taxonomy
8A define taxonomy and recognize the importance of a standardized taxonomic system to the scientific community.
8B categorize organisms using a hierarchical classification system based on similarities and differences shared among groups.

3. Cladograms Clade – group of related organisms
Cladogram – branching diagram showing evolutionary descent
Properties of cladogram
Each split represents appearance of new trait(s)
Related organisms are closer together A B C
A clade is a group of related organisms. For examples, feline species form a clade.
A cladogram is a branching diagram showing evolutionary descent from a common ancestor. Cladograms illustrate where “splits” occur within the family tree. These splits represent the appearance of new traits.
In a cladogram, related organisms are closer together. By studying a cladogram, one can deduce which organisms are more closely related to others. In this example, species C is more closely related to species B than A. Species B and C have a trait that A does not.
new trait(s)
new trait(s)

4. Evolutionary Classification (Phylogeny)
Grouping organisms based on evolutionary history

5. PHYLOGENY
Very useful because organisms are placed in groups that show how things may have evolved.

6. Cladistic Analysis… Possible Cladograms
Traces evolution in a group by focusing on derived characteristics that appear in some organisms but not in others.
Derived Character appears in recent parts of a lineage, but not in its older members
Ex: jaws, lungs, hair
Possible Cladograms

7. How should we classify these organisms?
BARNACLE
CRAB
LIMPET

8. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITIES

9. CLASSIFICATIN BASED ON GENETIC SIMILARITIES
Cladagram – diagram that shows evolutionary relationships

10. Cladograms Cladogram – branching diagram showing evolutionary descent
What can be determined from this cladogram?
Primates share common ancestor
Humans more closely related to apes than to monkeys
Lemurs lack traits common to monkeys
New world Monkeys
Old world Monkeys
Lemurs
Lorises
Tarsiers
Apes
Humans
Here is a cladogram of primates. What can be determined from this cladogram? Here, primates are a “clade”. Remember that splits in descent likely occurring where new branches in the cladogram are shown.
Since all primates come from one point below the cladogram, they share a common ancestor.
It can be determined that humans are more closely related to apes than to new world or old world monkeys. This is because the split between apes and humans occurs after the split between monkeys and apes.
It can be determined that lemurs lack traits common to monkeys. This is because lemurs and monkeys are on different branches. Traits common to monkeys would have appeared between tarsiers and new world monkeys.

11. Image modified from Benchill [GNU]
Cladograms
Cladogram of a group of animals
What can be determined from this cladogram?
Tuataras are not lizards
Birds share common ancestor with reptiles
Snakes are more closely related to lizards than crocodiles
Tuataras
Lizards
Snakes
Crocodiles
Birds
Here is a cladogram of a group of animals. Tuataras are a type of reptile that resembles lizards. They are only found in New Zealand.
What can be determined from this cladogram? Remember that the closer two organisms are to each other on a cladogram, the more related the two are.
Tuataras are not lizards, although they do share a common ancestor with lizards and other reptiles. It can also be determined that birds share a common ancestor with this group of reptiles.
It is also shown on this cladogram that snakes are more closely related to lizards than they are to crocodiles.
Image modified from Benchill [GNU]

12. VENN DIAGRAMS
1. Venn Diagrams can be used to make models of hierarchical classification schemes. A Venn diagram is shown below: A. B. D. C.

13. Four groups are represented by circular regions
Each region represents different taxonomic levels.
Regions that overlap, share common members.
Regions that do not overlap do not have common members.

14. Animals with backbones Insects All animalsD.
Matching:
Mammals
Animals with backbones
Insects
All animals C B D A

15. (Return station materials NEATLY BEFORE leaving that one)
LAB: SURVEY OF LIFE
Follow directions on the handout to complete Pre-Lab, All Charts, & Questions at the end.
(Return station materials NEATLY BEFORE leaving that one)

16. How can you identify an organism you find?
Taxonomic (Dichotomous) Key = series of paired statements describing characteristics of organisms

17. Dichotomous Key Dichotomous key – tool used to identify organisms
Also called classification key
Helps user observe similarities and differences among organisms
Each step presents a level of identification
Only one of the statements in a step can be true about a single organism
A dichotomous key is used as tool to identify organisms. This tool is also referred to as a classification key. It helps the user observe similarities and differences among organisms.
As you progress through each step of a dichotomous key, each step presents a level of identification that the user observes about an organism. Only one of the statements in any given step can be true about a single organism. This allows the user to systematically identify a particular organism.

18. Dichotomous Key Example
1A Object has curved lines……go to 2
1B Object has straight lines……go to 3
2A Object is one continuous curved line…go to 4
2B Object has parallel curved lines….Shape A
3A Object has 3 straight lines….Shape B
3B Object has 4 straight lines….go to 4
4A Object is colored green……Shape C
4B Object is colored red……Shape D

19. Seashell Dichotomous Key
What is the scientific name of this seashell?
Seashell Dichotomous Key
1a Cone-shaped
1b Not cone-shaped
2a Outside surface smooth b Outside surface rigid
3a Surface solid color
3b Surface spotted
4a Surface one color
4b Surface has contrasting stripe
5a Holes along shell margin b No holes along shell margin
6a Purple in color
6b Not purple in color  
Go to 2
Go to 5
Go to 3
Go to 4
Conus californicus
Conus spurius
Calliostoma supragranulosa
Calliostoma annulatum
Haliotis refuscens
Go to 6
Janthina janthina
Littorina obtusata
What is the scientific name of this seashell? This is a dichotomous key used to help identify seashells. Seashells can be identified by their scientific names by using the key.
Look at this seashell in the photo, and begin at number one on the key. Is it cone-shaped? Yes, it is, so the key instructs to “Go to 2”. Is the outside surface smooth or rigid? It appears smooth, so the key instructs to “Got to 3”. Looking at number three, is the outside surface of seashell B solid color or spotted? It is a solid color, so this seashell is Conus californicus.
By correctly following this dichotomous key, the scientific name of this seashell can be determined.
Image by Shellnut
(Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0]

20. (Return station materials NEATLY BEFORE leaving that one)
LAB: SURVEY OF LIFE
Follow directions on the handout to complete Pre-Lab, All Charts, & Questions at the end.
(Return station materials NEATLY BEFORE leaving that one)

21. WELCOME BACK! In Activity:
Part 1:
Part 2:

22. WELCOME BACK! In Activity:
Part 1:

23. WELCOME BACK! In Activity:
Part 2:

24. Taxonomic Groups Group (Kingdom) Major Characteristics Examples
Archaea
Prokaryotes, cell wall, may live in extreme environments, unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs
Methane-producing archaea, thermophiles
Bacteria
Prokaryotes, cell wall made of peptidoglycan, unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs
E. coli, salmonella
Protista
Eukaryotes, unicellular or multicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs, some have cell wall, many are microscopic
Algae, paramecia, euglena, diatoms
Fungi
Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls, absorbs nutrients through cell wall, sessile
Mushrooms, molds, yeasts
Plantae
Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls composed of cellulose, photosynthetic, autotrophs
Ferns, mosses, conifers, flowering plants
Animalia
Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs, most are motile
Mammals, birds, insects, worms, sponges
This chart summarizes the major characteristics of the six taxonomic groups.

25. Classification Mnemonic
Donkey
Kong
Puts
Coconuts On
Funky
Gorilla
Salads! 

26. 15 min. to Finish… LAB: SURVEY OF LIFE
Follow directions on the handout to complete Pre-Lab, All Charts, & Questions at the end.
(Return station materials NEATLY BEFORE leaving that one)

27. Classifying Organisms
Learning Objectives
Categorize organisms using a hierarchical classification system based on similarities and differences shared among groups
Using characteristics of major groups
Using dichotomous keys
You should now be able to categorize organisms using a hierarchical classification system based on similarities and differences shared among groups using both characteristics and dichotomous keys.

28. Seashell Dichotomous Key
What is the scientific name of this seashell?
Seashell Dichotomous Key
1a Cone-shaped
1b Not cone-shaped
2a Outside surface smooth b Outside surface rigid
3a Surface solid color
3b Surface spotted
4a Surface one color
4b Surface has contrasting stripe
5a Holes along shell margin b No holes along shell margin
6a Purple in color
6b Not purple in color  
Go to 2
Go to 5
Go to 3
Go to 4
Conus californicus
Conus spurius
Calliostoma supragranulosa
Calliostoma annulatum
Haliotis refuscens
Go to 6
Janthina janthina
Littorina obtusata
What is the scientific name of this seashell? First, is this seashell cone-shaped? No, it is not, so the key instructs the user to “Go to 5”. Looking at number five of the key, are there holes along the shell margin? No, there are not, so the instructs to “Go to 6”. Looking at number six, is the shell purple in color? No, it is not, so this seashell is Littorina obtusata.
Image by Hans Hillewaert
(Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0]

29. Seashell Dichotomous Key
What is the scientific name of this seashell?
Seashell Dichotomous Key
1a Cone-shaped
1b Not cone-shaped
2a Outside surface smooth b Outside surface rigid
3a Surface solid color
3b Surface spotted
4a Surface one color
4b Surface has contrasting stripe
5a Holes along shell margin b No holes along shell margin
6a Purple in color
6b Not purple in color  
Go to 2
Go to 5
Go to 3
Go to 4
Conus californicus
Conus spurius
Calliostoma supragranulosa
Calliostoma annulatum
Haliotis refuscens
Go to 6
Janthina janthina
Littorina obtusata
As always, at number one on the key. Is this seashell cone-shaped? Yes, it is, so the key instructs to “Go to 2”. Looking at number two, is the outside surface of the shell smooth or rigid? It looks rigid, so the key instructs to “Go to 4”. Looking at number four, does the surface have one color or a contrasting stripe? It appears to have a contrasting stripe, so this seashell is Calliostoma annulatum.

30. Vertebrate Animal Dichotomous Key
Is this animal a vertebrate or invertebrate? If it is a vertebrate, what class does it belong in?
Vertebrate Animal Dichotomous Key
1a Spinal column present
1b Spinal column absent
2a Fins and gills present
2b Fins and gills absent
3a Scales present
3b Scales absent
4a Feathers present
4b Feathers absent
5a Hair or fur present
5b Hair or fur absent
Go to 2
Invertebrate
Fish
Go to 3
Reptile
Go to 4
Bird
Go to 5
Mammal
Amphibian
Is this animal a vertebrate or invertebrate? If it is a vertebrate, what class does it belong in?
Here is a dichotomous key for classifying vertebrates.
Look at this animal in the photo. Is a spinal column present? Yes, so “go to 2”. Are fins and gills present in this animal? No, so “go to 3”. Are there scales present? No, so “go to 4”. Are feathers present in this animal? Yes, so this animal is classified as a bird.
Image by Dario Sanches
(Own Work) [CC-BY-SA-2.0]

31. Vertebrate Animal Dichotomous Key
Is this animal a vertebrate or invertebrate? If it is a vertebrate, what class does it belong in?
Vertebrate Animal Dichotomous Key
1a Spinal column present
1b Spinal column absent
2a Fins and gills present
2b Fins and gills absent
3a Scales present
3b Scales absent
4a Feathers present
4b Feathers absent
5a Hair or fur present
5b Hair or fur absent
Go to 2
Invertebrate
Fish
Go to 3
Reptile
Go to 4
Bird
Go to 5
Mammal
Amphibian
Look at this animal in the photo. Begin at number one on the key. Is there a spinal column present? No, so this jellyfish is an invertebrate. No further steps are necessary.

32. Vertebrate Animal Dichotomous Key
Is this animal a vertebrate or invertebrate? If it is a vertebrate, what class does it belong in?
Vertebrate Animal Dichotomous Key
1a Spinal column present
1b Spinal column absent
2a Fins and gills present
2b Fins and gills absent
3a Scales present
3b Scales absent
4a Feathers present
4b Feathers absent
5a Hair or fur present
5b Hair or fur absent
Go to 2
Invertebrate
Fish
Go to 3
Reptile
Go to 4
Bird
Go to 5
Mammal
Amphibian
Look at this animal in the photo, and begin with number one on the dichotomous key. Is there a spinal column present in this animal? Yes there is, so the key instructs to “go to 2”. Looking at number two, are there fins and gills present in this animal? No, fins and gills are absent, so the key instructs to “go to 3”. Looking at number three, are there scales present? No, so the key instructs to “go to 4”. Are there feathers present in this animal? No, so “go to 5”. Is hair or fur present? No, hair and fur are absent, so this frog is an amphibian.

33. 15 min. to Finish… LAB: SURVEY OF LIFE
Follow directions on the handout to complete Pre-Lab, All Charts, & Questions at the end.
(Return station materials NEATLY BEFORE leaving that one)

34. Taxonomic Groups Group (Kingdom) Major Characteristics Examples
Archaea
Prokaryotes, cell wall, may live in extreme environments, unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs
Methane-producing archaea, thermophiles
Bacteria
Prokaryotes, cell wall made of peptidoglycan, unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs
E. coli, salmonella
Protista
Eukaryotes, unicellular or multicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs, some have cell wall, many are microscopic
Algae, paramecia, euglena, diatoms
Fungi
Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls, absorbs nutrients through cell wall, sessile
Mushrooms, molds, yeasts
Plantae
Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls composed of cellulose, photosynthetic, autotrophs
Ferns, mosses, conifers, flowering plants
Animalia
Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs, most are motile
Mammals, birds, insects, worms, sponges
This chart summarizes the major characteristics of the six taxonomic groups.

35. Activity: Wild Cats Dichotomous Key
Follow directions on the handout to complete Part 1 & 2.
Turn-in for grade &
Study for your QUIZ: TAXONOMY

36. Exit Ticket (CLOZE)

37. Exit Ticket (CLOZE)