1. The Development of Democracy In England
(Prologue: Section 3: P )

2. King Henry II King of England (r. 1154-1189)
Gifted king, considered one of the great statesmen of the 12th century

3. Jury Trial One of King Henry II’s (1154-1189) greatest achievements
A judge would seek the counsel of 12 male citizens of the area before deciding guilt or innocence

4. Common Law
Over time England developed “Common Law” legal system: it was common to all of England, not just particular areas
These were established laws, procedures, and legal codes that came to be universally accepted (not just up to a king or lord to decide rules and laws)

5. Magna Carta (1215)

6. Magna Carta 1215 (Con’t)
King John I fought costly unsuccessful wars with France
These wars led to raised taxes in England
Angry English nobles rebelled and forced John to recognize their political and civil rights

7. Magna Carta 1215 (Con’t)
They wrote these demands down and called it the Magna Carta (“Great Charter” in Latin)

8. Magna Carta 1215 (Con’t)
Guaranteed that English monarchs could not rule any way they wanted
Guaranteed that English subjects had rights under the law
Limited the power of the king over all of his subjects
Guaranteed that the law had to operate in an orderly way that everyone knew about (called “Due Process”)
Guaranteed that the English king could not
rule any way he wanted
Was a contract between the English King and his subjects

9. Parliament
England’s national legislature (elected law makers who discuss, and vote on potential laws; work with the king)

10. Parliament (Con’t)
1295 King Edward I (John’s grandson) wanted to raise taxes for another war with France
he called together rich nobles and lesser town leaders to discuss ways to pay for the war
This meeting called Model Parliament
Parliament limited the monarch’s power and gave English male citizens some way to have representation in government

11. By the mid 1300’s England’s Parliament divided into two houses:
House of Lords
more powerful group in Parliament
made of rich nobles and bishops
House of Commons
less powerful group
made up of local town leaders and less wealthy prominent citizens

12. Divine Right

13. Divine Right
1600’S European kings claimed that God had chosen them to rule with absolute power over their subjects
These kings argued they were responsible to God alone, and did not have to answer to the people

14. King James I ( )

15. King James I (con’t)
● From Scotland: ● became king of England ● James I did not know much about England’s laws, procedures, and customs: He clashed with Parliament a lot!

16. 3 Conflicts of James’ I Reign

17. King James’ I 3 Conflicts
Church
Puritans were trying to change Church of England, to make it less like Catholic Church
As King, James was leader of Church of England and did not want his religious power limited

18. King James’ I 3 Conflicts
COURTS
James used his own personal courts and judges to administer justice
He ignored Common Law and Due Process

19. King James’ I 3 Conflicts
MONEY
James wanted more money
Queen Elizabeth left James a large debt
James wanted more money for himself and to wage war
Parliament refused to raise taxes
James ignored Parliament and tried to raise taxes any way

20. King Charles I (r )

21. King Charles I Charles became King 1625 when his father James I died
● Charles asked Parliament for money in 1628
● In exchange for the money, Parliament demanded that King Charles accept the Petition of Right:

22. Petition of Right
Demanded King put an end to taxing with out Parliament’s permission
Demanded King put an end to housing troops in citizens’ homes
Demanded King put an end to imprisoning citizens illegally

23. King Charles’ I Big Mistakes!!
King Charles I signed the document to get the money, but later ignored the promises
1629 King Charles dismissed Parliament
1640 Scots invade England, Charles forced to recall Parliament to get money to defend the country

24. English Civil War 1642 Royalists (supported English Monarchy)
Anti-Royalists won: They were led by Oliver Cromwell
(King Charles I was
Beheaded in 1649)
Royalists
(supported English Monarchy)
Anti-Royalists (supported English Parliament)

25. Commonwealth of England
● Established under Oliver Cromwell
Cromwell ruled England as a dictator
He wanted to set up religious, social, and economic reforms
He urged Parliament to put his reforms in place
Parliament resisted
1653 Cromwell dissolved Parliament
Cromwell created a new government called:
The Protectorate: He named himself Lord Protector (he became military dictator of England) He dies 1658: everyone happy!

26. 1660 A new Parliament then decided to restore the monarchy
The Restoration 1659 Cromwell’s son Richard took over as Lord Protector
He continued to be unpopular
1660 A new Parliament then decided to restore the monarchy
(have a king again)

27. The Restoration (con’t)
● Parliament invited Charles Stuart (son of
King Charles I) to come from France and
become England’s king (King Charles II r )
● This is The Restoration
● Under King Charles II Parliament kept the powers it gained the previous 2 decades

28. Habeas Corpus

29. Glorious Revolution 1689
● Charles II dies 1685
● his brother King James II takes over as king (Catholic, believed in Divine Right)
● The people wanted James’ daughter Mary to take over when he died because she was Protestant (Christian, but not Catholic)
●1689 Parliament withdraws support for King James II and offers the throne to James’ Protestant daughter Mary (“You’re Fired!!!)

30. Glorious Revolution 1689 (con’t)
● 1689 Parliament crowns William and Mary co-rulers of England
● Turning point in England’s history:
● Proves that power is now in
the hands of Parliament,
not the king!

31. Constitutional Monarchy
● England was now a Constitutional Monarchy: a kingdom with a constitution to check the powers of the king and protect the rights of the citizens
● Powers of the ruler are restricted by a constitution and the laws of the country
● Parliament could impose its will on the monarchs

32. English Bill of Rights 1689 a list of freedoms and rights that all
English citizens were guaranteed to have
no matter who the leader was
limited the power of the monarch
Monarch forbidden from taxing with out Parliament’s permission
protected free speech in Parliament
Monarch could not raise an army during peacetime without Parliament’s permission
Cruel and unusual punishment were forbidden ● ●

33. England’s Legacy

34. Conclusion
This process began with the Magna Carta (1215) and was fully in place with the
English Bill of Rights (1689)
English Bill of Rights set an example for American colonies when they decided to rebel almost 100 years later