1. The American Civil War
APUSH Unit 5
Chapter 14

2. Secession

3. Secession South Carolina seceded within 4 days of Lincoln’s election.
Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas joined within 6 weeks.
4 more states would join after Sumter.
The first 7 would meet in Montgomery, Alabama in February 1861 to establish the Confederate States of America
Jefferson Davis became the president of the Confederacy

4. The Leaders of the Confederacy
Had strong differences:
Davis wanted to liberate the South from the North
Stevens wanted a guarantee for protection of states’ rights
L: President Jefferson Davis
R: VP Alexander Stevens

5. Secession

6. Southern Reasoning for Secession
Tired of being attacked
Underground Railroad, John Brown
Abolitionists and Free Soilers
Felt unrepresented politically when Lincoln got elected
Thought North wouldn’t attack
Especially because the South thought that the North was too dependent on cotton to attack
Felt that they were the second American Revolution

7. Last Minute Ideas to Prevent a War

8. Buchanan’s Plan…or Not
President Buchanan (out of office on March 4, 1861) maintained a “wait and see” policy.
Neither Constitution nor precedent helped him decide what to do and he thought the small army was more needed in the West.
Also, he thought that not going to blows meant the possibility of reconciliation.
It worked out better for the North when the South attacked first, because prior to that many Northerners didn’t want a war

9. The Crittenden Amendments (another of those things that didn’t pass but is still important)
James Henry Crittenden (KY) came up with a plan: The Crittenden Amendments.
Under these, slavery in the territories would be prohibited north of 36°30’ and allowed south of it. When they became states they could choose.
Would ignore Dred Scott and reset the Missouri Compromise with Popular Sovereignty when they became states
Lincoln turned this down since he had been elected to keep slavery out of the territories and he thought it would force America’s expansionism to take over southern regions to make more territories.

10. Historiography of the Civil War (the history of History)
Nationalist School: late 19th C James Rhodes: all about slavery and preserving the union
Progressives: early 20th C Charles and Mary Beard: inherent economic differences – 2nd American Revolution moved power to the businesses and away from planters
Post WWI: James Randall and Avery Craven unnecessary war (like WWI)
Neo-nationalist: Post WWII Allan Nevins and David Potter: irreconcilable differences in morality, politics, culture, social values, and economy eroded the ties between the sections and set them on the path to war
Paranoia: Foner and Genovese: each side saw their way of life being threatened
Party Politics: Destruction of Whigs and breakdown of Jacksonian party system tore apart the last thing that was holding the country together
Ethnocultural School: Michael Holt, Late 20th century: Breakdown of parties because before parties had agreed NOT to talk about slavery and had ended up agreeing on most other things. After that slavery was the only issues left

11. The War:

12. Ft. Sumter
April 12, :30am
South fired on Union troops at Ft. Sumter in the Charleston, SC
Union surrendered after 34 hours
Casualty: confederate horse

13. Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas) July, 1861
Union had to get rid of CSA troops at Manassas before moving on to Richmond
Politicians from Washington DC went to watch the battle and picnic…
CSA reinforcements arrived by train and routed the Union army
Confederate Victory

14. War in the East:
Lincoln replaced McDowell with General George B. McClellan who put in place The Peninsula Campaign
McClellan’s hesitation prevented him from attacking Richmond early and by the time he attacked he was not able to reach the city though he did defeat the Confederates.
Lincoln ordered McClellan back to DC after the Seven Days Battle

15. Battle of Antietam September 17, 1862
Single bloodiest day of the war
23,000 Casualties

16. Civil War Strategy
Victors were the ones who kept the field, not always the ones with the fewer casualties
Was difficult to pursue defeated troops because of supply line problems and vast quantities of injured

17. The Anaconda Campaign
The blockade happened quickly, but the Mississippi Campaign took time

18. The Battle of Shiloh
Surprise Union victory at Shiloh led to control of the upper Mississippi
By abandoning the southern Mississippi to attack Shiloh, the Confederacy left New Orleans open to attack by Farragut and Butler

19. The Homefront

20. Conscription in the South – April 1862
The first draft in American history
All able bodied white men from were required to serve for 3 years (originally from 18-35)
Exemptions for certain occupations and the 20-Negro Law
You could also hire a substitute, but that ended in 1863
Only 1 in 5 in the Confederate army was actually a draftee

21. The Draft in the north – March 1863
Made every able bodied, white male from eligible for war
Had a loophole to either pay the government $300 or to hire a substitute
Other exemptions were for high government officials, ministers, and men who were the sole support of widows, orphans, or indigent parents
Bounties were offered for volunteers
This led to many “bounty jumpers”
8% of the Union army were draftees or substitutes

22. New York City Draft Riots
Primarily Irish immigrants in protest of the draft.
Lots of violence against African Americans in NYC

23. New York City Draft Riots July 13-16, 1863

24. Financing the War War Bonds Printing Paper Money
Both sides issued bonds, but required them to be paid in specie
The South’s first bond took almost all of the specie
Northerners preferred to keep their specie
Union: The Legal Tender Act (1862) authorized the printing of $150 million greenbacks
Confederacy: never made their paper money legal tender
Caused the value of the paper money to plunge because of lack of consumer confidence
South responded by printing more (= more inflation)

25. Inflation in the South
South quickly became a barter economy

26. Life Continues During War
Economic Deals
Legislation Passed by Congress
The North and South continued to trade as early as July 1861
Factories in the North were allowed to trade goods (bacon, salt, blankets) with “loyal” cotton farmers in the South.
1861 – Morrill Tariff Act
1862 – Homestead Act
1862 – Legal Tender Act
1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act
1862 – Emancipation Proclamation - Jan
1863 – Pacific Railway Act
1863 – National Bank Act

27. Dealing with Dissent
Lincoln was much more willing to crush dissent during the war than Davis was
Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus in MD so federal troops could arrest and hold pro-secession Marylanders – kept MD in the Union
Led to the case Ex parte Merryman (1861) in which Chief Justice Taney ruled that Lincoln had exceeded his authority by suspending the writ of habeas corpus
Lincoln argued that the writ could be suspended in “cases of rebellion” and it was his job to determine if rebellion was happening. He ignored Taney’s ruling
Ex parte Milligan (1866): civilians can not be tried by military courts when civil courts are open
A man was sentenced to death by a military court for conspiring to free Confederate prisoners

28. The War: 1863

29. Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863
Freed slaves in areas under rebellion where Union had no authority (didn’t apply to slave states in the Union or areas the Union had already conquered). Only freed slaves when the army arrived.
Kept England away from helping the South

30. The Battle of Gettysburg

31. The Battle of Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863
Confederate scouts were trying to steal shoes
Turning Point battle – too many losses for the South
Meade did not pursue the retreating CSA

32. Vicksburg May 18 – July 4, 1863
Grant’s army tried to capture Vicksburg on May 19 and 22, when this didn’t work he besieged the city until they surrendered on July 4th
This coincided with the Southern loss at Gettysburg the day before and the combination is considered a turning point. After Vicksburg, the Union controlled the Mississippi

33. Other Items of Interest

34. African American Troops in the Union Army
By the end of the war, 186,000 African Americans had served in the Union army
This was 1/10 of the Union soldiers
Were only led by white commanders and were paid less than white soldiers
Less likely than whites to be killed in action, but more likely to die of disease
Were not treated as POW’s by the South when captured – instead were enslaved or killed

35. The Massacre at Ft. Pillow TN - April 12, 1864
Nathan Bedford Forrest (Southern General who captured Ft. Pillow) ordered black soldiers killed after they surrendered (many white soldiers were killed as well)
229 out of 262 African American soldiers were killed
He became the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan after the war…

36. Important Confederate Generals
“Stonewall” Jackson
Nathan Bedford Forrest
George Pickett
Jeb Stuart
James Longstreet
Robert E. Lee

37. Military Leaders in the North
Leaders of the Army of the Potomac
Issues with Union Military Leadership
McDowell May-July 1861
McClellan July 1861 – Nov 1862
Burnside Nov Jan 1863
Hooker Jan-June 1863
Meade June 1863 – May 1864
Grant May 1864 – April 1865
Lincoln wanted Lee…
Most of these guys were not very good or understood the modern nature of war
Grant proved himself in the West and he and Sherman were able to finish the war after Gettysburg

38. Military Technological Developments
Many weapon attempts were made in the Civil War that, upon later improvement, would be extremely important in the 20th century:
The Repeating Rifle or Gattling Gun often got stuck during the Civil War but would be improved upon to change warfare in the future
The submarine was still not very successful in this war, but final improvements would make it viable in WWI
USS Alligator (1862) developed with the help of the French

39. The Rifle and Minie Ball
The rifling musket or rifle was used extensively by both sides in the Civil War
Fired further, faster, and more accurately than a regular musket
Used a slightly pointed lead slug called the Minie ball
Huge advancement in weapon technology + almost no advancement in military tactics = much death

40. The Battle of the Ironclads – March 1862
USS Monitor vs. the CSA Virginia (formerly Merrimack)
The CSA ironclads were literally iron sheets bolted to wooden ships
The Union Monitor was made entirely of metal

41. Medicine in the War
United States Sanitary Commission and other groups helped to clean up Union hospitals
Dorothea Dix was placed in charge of the Union Nursing Corps (one of her nurses nicknamed her Dragon Dix)
Most hospitals in the South were private and in homes
Still hadn’t figured out germ theory yet…
Much disease and infection, though some basic sanitary measures made this war slightly better

42. Women in the War
North and South – women were nurses, worked the fields, and were spies
Women in the North tried to extend the fight for abolition to suffrage – and failed
Clara Barton is famous for being a battlefield nurse in the North and then going on to start the American Red Cross

43. Union Survivors of Andersonville
Prisoners of War
Union POW’s Record
Union Survivors of Andersonville

44. Andersonville Prison for Union POW’s, Andersonville GA
Planned to hold over 10,000 men, had 32,000 at one time
Provided no shelter for the men, they built tent-like structures out of blankets
Exposure, lack of food, and disease led to double the mortality rate of other Confederate camps
Andersonville Prison for Union POW’s, Andersonville GA

45. The War Ends:

46. Sherman’s March to the Sea – Georgia 1864
62,000 troops would make the march from Atlanta to the sea, destroying over $100 million in property
“We will make war so terrible…that generations would pass before they could appeal again to it”

47. The Fall of Richmond
On April 3, 1865, Union troops conquered Richmond, VA, the confederate capital. Southerners had abandoned the city the day before and set it on fire as they left to prevent the Union from seizing it.

49. THE FINAL Virginia Campaign 1864-1865

50. Surrender at Appomattox
April 9, 1865

51. Effects of the War

52. Casualties North and South
Confederacy: 260,000 dead
Union:
360,000 dead

53. Civil War Casualties compared to other American wars

54. Ford’s Theater April 14, 1865

55. The Assassination Plan
Booth shot Lincoln while another accomplice stabbed Secretary of State Seward, and a third accomplice failed to attack VP Johnson.

57. The Execution of Conspirators

58. Lincoln’s Funeral Procession