1. Unit 4 Vocabulary—Ancient China
Calligraphy
Feudalism
Civil service
Filial piety
Confucius
Humility
Divine right
Loess
Dynasty
Mandate of Heaven
Ethics
Taoism (Daoism)
Facilitate
Yin and Yang
Use textbook definitions first
Look Confucius up in the index…he’s a person 
The orange words will probably not be in your textbook
so use another dictionary

2. Warmup—SOL REVIEW What is another name for the Old Stone Age?
According to the SOLs, how old is mankind? (How long have humans been on earth?)
What invention signaled the beginning of the Neolithic Era?
What writing system did the Egyptians use?
Name the event in which the Hebrews were forced away from their homeland to live in Babylon? (the Bible was written down during this time)
Who is the founder of Judaism?
What did Buddha teach?
Paleolithic Age
100,000 to 400,000 years
Farming/agriculture
Heiroglyphics
Exile (Babylonian Exile)
Abraham
4 Noble Truths (about suffering and desires and how one can overcome suffering by controlling his desire for earthly/material things)

3. Ancient China
5,500 miles long
World History I

4. China Today… Official Name People’s Republic of China Total Area
3,600,927 sq. miles
Capital
Beijing
Population (July 2010)
1.351 Billion
Government
Communist party-led state
Executive (President, Vice-President, State Council, Premier)
Legislative (unicameral National People’s Congress)
Judicial (Supreme People’s Court, Local People’s Court, Special People’s Court)
Language
Mandarin & other local dialects
Religion
Atheism, Daoism, Buddhism, Christian, Muslim
Terrain
Plains, deltas, and hills in the east; mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west
Climate
Tropical in south to subarctic in north

5. China Compared to the U.S.
United States of America
POPULATION
1.351 Billion
313.9 Million
SIZE
3,600,927 sq. miles
3,794,083 sq. miles
ECONOMY
GDP (2012) $8.227 trillion
GDP Growth Rate 7.7% (2013)
Gross National Income (2012)
$16.08 trillion
GDP (2012) $15.68 trillion
GDP Growth Rate 1.9% (2013)
$17.06 trillion

6. Invaders came from the North
WHI.4e,f
Classical China was centered on the Huang He (Yellow River) and was geographically isolated.
Invaders came from the North
Geographically isolated by the Gobi Desert, the Himalayan Mountains, thick rainforests, and the Pacific Ocean.
Loess soil washed into the waters of the Huang He River and made it look yellowish. (Loess = fine yellow windblown soil)
Huang He got the nickname “River of Sorrows” because it often flooded.
Beyond this heartland were regions with harsher climates, occupied mostly by nomads, who sometimes attacked Chinese cities
JAPAN
Loess = fine yellow windblown soil

7. Questions Why was the Great Wall of China built?
What were the contributions of classical China to world civilization?

8. Ancient China
CHINA
Migratory invaders raided Chinese settlements from the North.
The Great Wall was built by Qin Shi Huangdi as a line of defense against invasions. (protection)

9. Rise of Dynasties in China
China was governed by a succession of ruling families called dynasties.
The first Chinese dynasty was the Shang (1766 to 1122 B.C.)
Most of society were peasants who led grueling lives working the fields
Ended in a rebellion led by two Zhou warriors who claimed a divine right to rule
Bronze Wine Vessel
Organized by clans

10. China became a feudal state
Chinese civilization arose later than others we have discussed (about 3500 years ago).
Early farming settlements began to grow into the first cities around 2000 B.C.; 1st Dynasty (Xia, pronounced Shyah) arose around this time; Yu was the leader; he oversaw flood-control and irrigation projects.
2nd Dynasty – Shang (in northern China; 1532 to 1027 B.C.); first family to leave written records; kings built elaborate palaces and tombs; Shang society was sharply divided b/t peasants and nobles; Shang was governed by a ruling class of warrior-nobles headed by a king; nobles owned the land and governed scattered villages within Shang lands; tribute was sent to the Shang ruler; peasants worked the land.
MOST IMPORTANT VIRTUE = RESPECT FOR ONE’S PARENTS
Believed that the spirits of family ancestors had the power to bring good fortune or disaster to living members of the family; the Shang consulted the gods through the spirits of the ancestors; kings used oracle bones with questions inscribed on them to consult with the gods; a priest would apply a hot poker to the bone then inspect the cracks to see how the gods had answered
Next Dynasty = Zhou (joh); came to power around 1027 B.C. by overthrowing the Shang; adopted much of Shang culture; to justify their conquest the Zhou leaders declared that the final Shang king had been such a poor ruler that the gods had taken away the Shang’s rule and given it to the Zhou; this developed into the belief that royal authority came from heaven; rulers had divine approval (the Mandate of Heaven); a wicked or foolish king could lose it; floods, riots, and other calamities might be signs that the ancestral spirits were displeased with the king’s rule.
Mandate of Heaven – in Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority.
Chinese rulers were considered divine, but they served under a Mandate of Heaven only as their rule was just (fair).
Mandate of Heaven—authority granted under heaven to deserving rulers (basis of royal authority)

11. Warring States Period in China

12. rebellion is justified. Old dynasty is overthrown; new dynasty emerges
Strong dynasty
establishes
peace & prosperity;
considered to
have Mandate
of Heaven.
In time, the dynasty
becomes corrupt;
taxes are raised;
power decreases.
Disasters or
invasions occur;
old dynasty is seen
as having lost
Mandate of Heaven;
rebellion is justified.
Old dynasty is
overthrown;
new dynasty
emerges
The
Dynastic
Cycle
Chinese argued that the dynastic cycle reflected heaven’s judgment of good and bad governments.

13. Qin Dynasty
First emperor of the Qin Dynasty is known as Qin Shi Huangdi
Unified China using a harsh system called Legalism to impose order (ended feudalism)
Heavy taxes and forced labor
Linked existing feudal walls into the Great Wall
Standardized weights and measures, produced coins, and built roads

14. Terra-Cotta Army Protects First Emperor's Tomb
By John Roach
Workers digging a well outside the city of Xi'an, China, in 1974 struck upon one of the greatest archaeological discoveries in the world: a life-size clay soldier poised for battle.
The diggers notified Chinese authorities, who dispatched government archaeologists to the site.
They found not one, but thousands of clay soldiers, each with unique facial expressions and positioned according to rank. And though largely gray today, patches of paint hint at once brightly colored clothes. Further excavations have revealed swords, arrow tips, and other weapons, many in pristine condition.
The soldiers are in trench-like, underground corridors. In some of the corridors, clay horses are aligned four abreast; behind them are wooden chariots.
The terra-cotta army, as it is known, is part of an elaborate mausoleum created to accompany the first emperor of China into the afterlife, according to archaeologists.
Young Emperor
Ying Zheng took the throne in 246 B.C. at the age of 13. By 221 B.C. he had unified a collection of warring kingdoms and took the name of Qin Shi Huang Di—the First Emperor of Qin.
During his rule, Qin standardized coins, weights, and measures; interlinked the states with canals and roads; and is credited for building the first version of the Great Wall.
According to writings of court historian Siam Qian during the following Han dynasty, Qin ordered the mausoleum's construction shortly after taking the throne. More than 700,000 laborers worked on the project, which was halted in 209 B.C. amid uprisings a year after Qin's death.
To date, four pits have been partially excavated. Three are filled with the terra-cotta soldiers, horse-drawn chariots, and weapons. The fourth pit is empty, a testament to the original unfinished construction.
Archaeologists estimate the pits may contain as many as 8,000 figures, but the total may never be known.
Unexcavated Tomb
Qin's tomb itself remains unexcavated, though Siam Qian's writings suggest even greater treasures.
"The tomb was filled with models of palaces, pavilions and offices as well as fine vessels, precious stones and rarities," reads a translation of the text.
The account indicates the tomb contains replicas of the area's rivers and streams made with mercury flowing to the sea through hills and mountains of bronze. Precious stones such as pearls are said to represent the sun, moon, and other stars.
Modern tests on the tomb mound have revealed unusually high concentrations of mercury, lending credence to at least some of the historical account.
Chinese archaeologists are also using remote-sensing technology to probe the tomb mound. The technique recently revealed an underground chamber with four stair like walls. An archaeologist working on the site told the Chinese press that the chamber may have been built for the soul of the emperor.
Experimental pits dug around the tomb have revealed dancers, musicians, and acrobats full of life and caught in mid-performance, a sharp contrast to the military poses of the famous terra-cotta soldiers.
But further excavations of the tomb itself are on hold, at least for now.
"It is best to keep the ancient tomb untouched, because of the complex conditions inside," Duan Qinbao, a researcher with the Shaanxi Provincial Archaeology Institute, told the China Daily in 2006.

15. Han Dynasty Eased Legalist policies and lowered taxes
Emperor Wudi pursued expansionism
Linked China to the West with the Silk Road
Confucianism became the official belief system of the state
Hired civil servants to work for the government

17. Exit Ticket
3-Write down 3 specific things you learned about the geography of China. 2- Write down 2 specific things you learned about the Great Wall. 1-Write down 1 thing you learned about dynasties in China.

18. Exit Card
3-Write down 3 specific things you learned about the dynasties of China. 2- Write down 2 specific things you learned about Emperor Qin. 1-Write down 1 thing you didn’t fully understand/want to know more about.

19. Video Assignment https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2m1jSrO_s-o
On a piece of paper, write down the following:
Shang Dynasty
Zhou Dynasty 1. 2.
Qin Dynasty 3.
Han Dynasty
As you watch the video, write down FACTS/NEW INFORMATION that you learn. I want 2 facts for each of the first two dynasties and 3 facts for each of the last two dynasties. The Qin dynasty starts when they begin talking about irrigation and you see massive fields of crops. During the Han dynasty you’ll see an autopsy of a real Han noblewoman…it gets gross but it’s good info. They go back and talk about Qin some more at the end.

20. Dynasties Review Qin Zhou Shang Han Expanded trade via the Silk Roads
China became a feudal state
Most short-lived dynasty
The Great Wall was constructed
Excelled at making items from bronze
Ended by a rebellion led by two Zhou brothers
Created the Mandate of Heaven
Had a civil service
Ruled by Legalistic policies
Qin
Zhou
Shang
Han

21. Shang Zhou Qin Han Dynasties Review
E) Excelled at making items from bronze
F) Ended by a rebellion led by 2 Zhou brothers
B) China became a feudal state
G) Created the
Mandate of Heaven
Qin
Han
C) Most short-lived dynasty
D) Great Wall was constructed
I) Ruled by Legalistic policies
A) Expanded trade via the
Silk Roads
H) Had a civil service

22. Warmup for 2/7/18 I N D A

23. Ancient China
The Silk Roads facilitated trade and contact between China and other cultures as far away as Rome.

25. Contributions of Classical China
Civil Service System
Paid govt positions; had to pass written exams; positions based on merit
Paper
1st to create paper and have moveable type
Porcelain
Beautiful pottery, dolls, etc.
Silk
Made from silkworms
highly sought after fabric

26. Contributions of Classical China
It seems that porcelain was not a sudden invention, although some claim that Tao-Yue in the 600's AD was the legendary inventor of porcelain. He used so-called 'white clay' (kaolin) which he found along the Yangzte river where he was born. He added other types of clay to produce the first white porcelain, which he sold as 'artificial jade' in the capital Chang-an. By around 900 AD, porcelain was perfected, incorporating the translucent minerals quartz and feldspar. Porcelain was much finer than other clay ceramics, so thin as to be translucent. Its white color could be painted in many colors. Porcelain was one of the most highly prized products from China, and in fact came to be called "china."
How Silk is Made
Silk - the most beautiful of all textile fibers is acclaimed as the queen of textiles. It comes from the cocoon of the silk worm and requires a great deal of handling and processing, which makes it one of the most expensive fibers also. Today China is the leading silk producer of the world. Other major silk producing countries include Japan, India and Italy.
Production of Silk Characteristics of Silk Identifying of Silk Four Varieties of Natural Silk
The Silk Worm Production of Silk from Cocoon to Factory Sericulture: The production of cocoon for their filament is called sericulture. The species Bombyx mori is usually cultivated and is raised under controlled condition of environment and nutrition. The life cycle of silk worm encircle in the four stages. The egg, the silk worm, the pupa and the moth. The silk worm which feeds on mulberry leaves forms a covering around it by secreting a protein like substance through its head.
This stage is called cocoon, the desirable stage for the silk producers.
Filature operations: The cocoons raised by the farmer are delivered to the factory, called a filature, where the silk is unwound from the cocoons and the strands are collected into skeins. Some cocoons are scientifically bred in such factories. The filature operations consist of the following stages. a) Sorting cocoons : The cocoons are sorted according to the color, size, shape and texture as these affect the final quality of the silk. Cocoons may range from white and yellow to grayish. b) Softening the Sericin : Silk filament is a double strand of fibroin, which is held together by a gummy substance called sericin or silk gum. After the cocoon has been sorted, they are put through a series of hot and cold immersions, as the sericin must be softened to permit the unwinding of the filament as one continuous thread. c) Reeling the filament : Reeling is the process of unwinding the silk filaments from the cocoon and combining them together to make a thread of raw silk. As the filament of the cocoon is too fine for commercial use, three to ten strands are usually reeled at a time to produce the desired diameter of raw silk which is known as "reeled silk". The useable length of reeled filament is 300 to 600 m. d) Bailing : The silk filament is reeled into skeins, which are packed in a small bundles called books, weighting 2 to 4.5 kg. These books are put into bales weighing about 60 kg. In this form raw silk is shipped to silk mills all over the world.
Characteristics of Silk Silk is very strong in terms of tensile strength, meaning it can withstand a lot of pulling type pressure without breaking. This should not, however, be confused with wear ability or abrasion resistance. Silk will not stand up to the heavy wear that other fibers will.
Silk can take on many different appearances. A raw silk fabric may fool you into thinking that it is cotton or synthetic. The more refined the silk and the smaller the yarn, the more it resembles the look and feel that we know as silky.
Silk is a protein fiber like wool. This gives it many of its characteristics. It is sensitive to a range of chemical situations and cannot withstand prolonged exposure to either high alkalinity or to acid or oily soils. It will become brittle with age and exposure to sunlight.
Identifying Silk The burn test is the best way to be sure. Burning silk will leave a powdery ash and will extinguish itself when the flame is removed, just like wool. The easy way to tell silk and wool apart in the burn test is the smell. Where wool will have the smell of burning hair, the silk will have a much more disagreeable smell.
Four Varieties of Natural Silk Out of the numerous species of silk moths, scientists have enumerated about 70 silk moths which are of some economic value. But of these only a very few have commercial value. The four commercially known varieties of natural silk are (1) Mulberry silk (2) Tasar silk (3) Muga silk and (4) Eri silk. Although the bulk of world silk supply comes from the silk moth Bombyx Mori which is domesticated, the other varieties of silk are known as wild silk, as they are grown in remote forest trees in natural conditions.

28. Other Contributions Writing: calligraphy (characters)
Mathematics: sundial, water clock
Science: 365 ¼ days in a solar year
Farming: irrigation systems; pumps to control flow of water to fields

29. Other Contributions
Inventions: seismograph, wheelbarrow, umbrella, gunpowder, fireworks, kites, compasses, & wallpaper
Medicine: acupuncture; herbal remedies
Martial Arts: Tai Chi; Karate; etc.

30. “What Am I?” Review I go “boom” I tell people where to go
Gunpowder/fireworks
I tell people where to go
Compass
If you’re afraid of needles, then I’m not for you
Acupuncture
If you want to work for the government, you have to take me
Civil Service Exam (written exam)
I am fine “China”
Porcelain

31. “What Am I?” Review I am made up of thousands of characters
Chinese writing/Calligraphy
When the sun shines over me, I tell time
Sundial
I helped remove dead bodies from battlefields
Wheelbarrow
I am the most highly sought after and highly prized contribution of China
Silk
I was used to diffuse all of these products/ideas to the rest of the world
Silk Roads

32. WHI.4e,f
Chinese Culture began around 1500 B.C. Of Chinese contributions to civilization, Confucianism and Taoism are among the most noted.
Why were Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism important in the formation of Chinese culture?

33. Confucius Says…
It is better to light one small candle than to curse the darkness.
Our greatest glory is not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.
Only the wisest and the stupidest of men never change.
When we see persons of worth, we should think of equaling them; when we see persons of a contrary character, we should turn inward and examine ourselves.
To put the world in order, we must first put the nation in order; to put the nation in order, we must put the family in order; to put the family in order, we must cultivate our personal life; and to cultivate our personal life, we must first set our hearts right.

34. Contributions of Confucianism
Belief that humans are good, not bad
Respect for elders (filial piety)
Confucius considered this the highest principle
Code of politeness, still used in Chinese society today
Emphasis on education
For good govt and social order
Ancestor worship
*an ethical system, not a religion*
Lived during the Zhou Dynasty (warring lords was an issue)
Believed that social order, harmony, and good government could be restored in China if society was organized around 5 basic relationships
1) ruler and subject
2) father and son
3) husband and wife
4) older brother and younger brother
5) friend and friend
A code of proper conduct regulated each of these relationships. Ex: rulers should practice kindness and virtuous living; in return, subjects should be loyal and law-abiding.
Stressed that children should practice filial piety, respect for their parents and elders.
He was a teacher but he wanted to reform Chinese society through government office; worked as Minister of Justice for a while but resigned because of political corruption; his teachings were collected and recorded by his followers in the “Analects”
Laid the foundation for a bureaucracy (trained civil service) through stressing the importance of education (any humbly born person could transform into a gentleman)
History:
K'ung Fu Tzu (a.k.a. Kông Fūzî, K'ung-tze, K'ung-fu-tze, and commonly written as Confucius in English) was born in 551 BCE in the state of Lu (modern day Shantung Province in China). He lived during the Chou dynasty, an era known for its moral laxity. When he was 22 years of age, he opened a school. Success in teaching led to his appointment as minister of justice of Lu. After a conflict with the Marquis of Lu, he left the state and wandered for 13 years throughout China, giving advice to their rulers. He accumulated a small band of students during this time. The last years of his life were spent back in Lu, where he devoted himself to teaching. He died about 479 BCE at the approximate age of 72. "His lifetime almost exactly coincided with that of Buddha, who died two years earlier at the age of eighty." 1
His writings deal primarily with individual morality and ethics, and the proper exercise of political power by the rulers.
According to the Catholic Encyclopedia:
"In the year 213 BCE, the subverter of the Chow dynasty, Shi Hwang-ti, promulgated the decree that all Confucian books, excepting the "Y-king", should be destroyed. The penalty of death was threatened against all scholars who should be found possessing the proscribed books or teaching them to others. Hundreds of Confucian scholars would not comply with the edict, and were buried alive. When the repeal came under the Han dynasty, in 191 BCE, the work of extermination was well nigh complete. Gradually, however, copies more or less damaged were brought to light, and the Confucian texts were restored to their place of honor." 1
In China, and some other areas in Asia, the social ethics and moral teachings of Confucius are blended with the Taoist communion with nature and Buddhist concepts of the afterlife, to form the Chinese Traditional Religion -- a set of complementary, peacefully co-existent and ecumenical religions.
How many people follow the teachings of Confucius?
This is a simple, but ambiguous question. Estimates of the number of adherents of Confucianism vary over a range of almost 60 times! For example, on 2009-SEP-28, WikiAnswers® responded differently to two almost identical questions submitted by their visitors. To the question:
"World wide how many people follow Confucianism?" the answer given was "Apprx. [sic] 6 million." 2 "How many followers are there in confucianism [sic]" the answer given was "an estimated 350 million followers worldwide." 3 The former estimate refers to individuals who follow Confucianism to the exclusion of all other religions. This way of looking at a religion is similar to that found widely throughout North America, where the vast majority of adults regard themselves as Christian, or Judaism, or Islam.htm. Only a small percentage of adults regard themselves as following two religions simultaneously, like Christianity and Wicca, or in one memorable case involving Rev. Ann Holmes Redding, a priest of the Episcopal Church, USA: Christianity and Islam.
However, there are hundreds of millions of individuals in China who follow "Chinese traditional religion." This is sometimes called "Chinese folk religion." However, the former term is preferable, because the word "folk" often is used to refer to "Local, tribal customs and beliefs such as ancestor worship and nature beliefs." 4 Chinese traditional religion is a blending of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, and traditional local practices and beliefs. There are some points of incompatibility among Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. However, people have been able to accommodate these conflicts. Followers of Chinese Traditional religion make up about 6% of the world's population -- roughly the same as the number of Buddhists and followers of native Indigenous religions. 4
About 26,000 adults in North America identify themselves as Confucian. Almost all of the others live in China or elsewhere in Asia.
Symbols:
Unique among the great religions of the world, Confucianism has no standard universally recognized symbol similar to the Christian cross, the Islamic crescent moon & star, the Wiccan pentagram, etc.
This is an ideogram for water that is often used to represent Confucianism. It represents the source of life in Chinese philosophy.
This is a symbol often used in wedding ceremonies within the Chinese culture. It is also sometimes used to represent Confucianism. It means total harmony, righteousness, in your own life and in your relationships with others.
The yin-yamg symbol of Taoism is also sometimes used as a symbol for Confucianism. It symbolizes balance in nature between opposing forces. Unbalance can lead to confusion and dissaray.

35. Confucianism
Believed that social order, harmony, and good government could be restored in China if society was organized around 5 basic relationships:
1) ruler and subject
2) father and son
3) husband and wife
4) older brother and younger brother
5) friend and friend
Kongfuze ( Latinized by Jesuit missionary scholars as Confucius) was a historical person ( B.C.E.?) in the town T’sou of the state Lu (near the modern city Ch’u-fu of Shantung Province)
Not a founder of an organized religion: saw himself as a teacher, a person who attempted to provide a moral foundation to the social order, an order which was in a state of serious decline during his own lifetime
Accepting the ruling philosophy of the duke of Chou as the social model, Confucius attempted to revolutionize the ideals of social relationship along traditional lines:
Chun Tzu/Junzi (literally, a noble man or an aristocrat) : the ideal man guided by moral principles of conscientiousness and loyalty (chung) as well as altruism and reciprocity (shu)
Social Ethics of Confucianism
Chinese society during the declining years of the Chou Dynasty as disturbingly corrupt.
It is, however, possible to restore the moral fabric of society through education and behavioral reform: CHUN TZU/JUNZI as the superior man/true nobleman.
Confucian attempts to restore the sense of Common Good : Spirit of Social Sustenance
JEN/REN (Ideals of Humane Behavior)
Promotion of Social Welfare
Spirit of Jen/Ren should rule individuals, as well as Governments
HSIAO/XIAO (Filial Piety)
The Doctrine of Mean
The middle way: Rational ethical median between cynical amorality and moral perfectionism LI (Proper/Moral behavioral standards)
Past standards of behavior based on a spirit of harmony and courtesy representing an ideal and just social order
Standards of Reciprocity: Variation on the “Golden Rule”?
Repay kindness with kindness but repay evil with justice
YI (Righteousness) WEN (Cultured Action: Class, Style) XIN ( Faithfulness and Loyalty) TE (Moral Uprightness) HSEUH (Wisdom)

36. Contributions of Taoism (Daoism)
Founder: Lao Tzu (Laozi)
Dao (universal force) guides all things
Humans should:
Be Humble (Virtue of Yielding)
Have a simple life (inner peace)
Live in harmony with nature
Views government as unnatural; should govern people as little as possible
Taoist concepts, beliefs and practices:
Tao is the first-cause of the universe. It is a force that flows through all life. "The Tao surrounds everyone and therefore everyone must listen to find enlightenment." 1 A believer's goal is to harmonize themselves with the Tao. Taoism has provided an alternative to the Confucian tradition in China. The two traditions have coexisted in the country, region, and often within the same individual. The priesthood views the many gods as manifestations of the one Dao, "which could not be represented as an image or a particular thing." The concept of a personified deity is foreign to them, as is the concept of the creation of the universe. Thus, they do not pray as Christians do; there is no God to hear the prayers or to act upon them. They seek answers to life's problems through inner meditation and outer observation. In contrast with the beliefs and practices of the priesthood, most of the laity have "believed that spirits pervaded nature...The gods in heaven acted like and were treated like the officials in the world of men; worshipping the gods was a kind of rehearsal of attitudes toward secular authorities. On the other hand, the demons and ghosts of hell acted like and were treated like the bullies, outlaws, and threatening strangers in the real world; they were bribed by the people and were ritually arrested by the martial forces of the spirit officials." 2 Time is cyclical, not linear as in Western thinking. Taoists strongly promote health and vitality. Five main organs and orifices of the body correspond to the five parts of the sky: water, fire, wood, metal and earth. Each person must nurture the Ch'i (air, breath) that has been given to them. Development of virtue is one's chief task. The Three Jewels to be sought are compassion, moderation and humility. Taoists follow the art of "wu wei," which is to let nature take its course. For example, one should allow a river to flow towards the sea unimpeded; do not erect a dam which would interfere with its natural flow. One should plan in advance and consider carefully each action before making it. A Taoist is kind to other individuals, in part because such an action tends to be reciprocated. Taoists believe that "people are compassionate by nature...left to their own devices [they] will show this compassion without expecting a reward." 3
The Yin Yang symbol:
This is a well known Taoist symbol. "It represents the balance of opposites in the universe. When they are equally present, all is calm. When one is outweighed by the other, there is confusion and disarray." 1One source explains that it was derived from astronomical observations which recorded the shadow of the sun throughout a full year. 3 The two swirling shapes inside the symbol give the impression of change -- the only constant factor in the universe. One tradition states that Yin (the dark side) represents the breath that formed the earth. Yang (the light side) symbolizes the breath that formed the heavens.
One source states: "The most traditional view is that 'yin' represents aspects of the feminine: being soft, cool, calm, introspective, and healing... and "yang" the masculine: being hard, hot, energetic, moving, and sometimes aggressive. Another view has the 'yin' representing night and 'yang' day. 3
Another source offers a different definition: A common misconception in the west is that "...yin is soft and passive and yang is hard and energetic. Really it is yang that is soft and yin that is hard, this is because yang is energetic and yin is passive. Yin is like a rock and yang is like water or air, rock is heavy and hard and air is soft and energetic." 4
Allan Watts, describes the yin and yang as negative and positive energy poles: "The ideograms indicate the sunny and shady sides of a hill....They are associated with the masculine and the feminine, the firm and the yielding, the strong and the weak, the light and the dark, the rising and the falling, heaven and earth, and they are even recognized in such everyday matters as cooking as the spicy and the bland." 5,6
However, since nothing in nature is purely black or purely white, the symbol includes a small black spot in the white swirl, and a corresponding white spot in the black swirl.
Ultimately, the 'yin' and 'yang' can symbolize any two polarized forces in nature. Taosts believe that humans often intervene in nature and upset the balance of Yin and Yang.
About the alternative names: Taoism or Daoism:
There are two commonly used systems for translating the Mandarin Chinese language into Roman letters:
Wade-Giles: This system is commonly used in Taiwan and the U.S. The Chinese character for "Way" becomes "Tao," which leads to the English word "Taoism." Hanyu pinyin or Pinyin: This system was developed by the Chinese people and is now finding increased use worldwide. The "Way" becomes "Dao," which leads to the English word "Daoism." The "Dao" is pronounced like the "Dow" in "Dow-Jones Index." We have chosen to emphasize the "Taoism" spelling. A Google search for "Taoism" returned 245,000 hits, whereas a search for "Daoism" returned only 35,000.
Tai Chi:
There is a long history of involvement by Taoists in various exercise and movement techniques. 7 Tai chi in particular works on all parts of the body. It "stimulates the central nervous system, lowers blood pressure, relieves stress and gently tones muscles without strain. It also enhances digestion, elimination of wastes and the circulation of blood. Moreover, tai chi's rhythmic movements massage the internal organs and improve their functionality." Traditional Chinese medicine teaches that illness is caused by blockages or lack of balance in the body's "chi" (intrinsic energy). Tai Chi is believed to balance this energy flow.

37. Yin/Yang represented opposites for Confucianism and Taoism.

38. Chinese forms of Buddhism spread throughout Asia.

39. Gobi China Himalayas India
Mongolia
Great Wall
Huang He R.
Yellow or Huang He River
China
Himalayas
Pacific O.
Yangtze R.
India
South
China
Sea

40. Many forms of one major deity
Hinduism
Buddhism
Confucianism
Daoism
(Taoism)
Caste system
Many forms of one major deity
Reincarnation
Karma
Vedas & Upanishads
Spread along major trade routes
Siddhartha Gautama
4Noble Truths
8Fold Path to Enlightenment
Asoka’s missionaries spread Buddhism from India to China & other parts of Asia
Humans are good, not bad
Respect for elders (filial piety)
Code of politeness,
Emphasis on education
Ancestor worship
Laozi
Dao = universal force guides all things
Be Humble
Simple life & inner peace
Live in harmony with nature

41. Indus River Valley (Harappan Civ.) Mauryan Dynasty Gupta
Formed around the Indus River
Advanced cities w/ sewers, organized streets, granaries, etc.
Had a written language
Invaded by the Aryans (Khyber Pass in the Hindu Kush Mountains)
Aryans established the caste system
United most of India, Pakistan, & Afghanistan under one ruler
Asoka was the greatest ruler
Asoka built roads, hospitals, and veterinary clinics
Asoka spread Buddhism
Came approximately 500 years after the Mauryan Empire
Golden Age of India
Cotton
Math
Astronomy
Literature

42. Shang Zhou Qin Han Harsh lives for peasants
Excellent at crafting things from bronze
Had a religious tradition that used oracle bones & human sacrifice to please the spirits
Zhou brothers overthrew the Shang based on the Mandate of Heaven
China became a feudal state
Warring period
Short dynasty
Qin used Legalism to rule over China
Thousands of peasants died building the Great Wall
He worked to unify China under one standardized system
Eased up on Legalistic policies and taxes
Began to expand beyond China’s borders
Civil Service
Confucianis m became the state belief system