1. A New Civilization
Chapter Focus Question: How did Europe react to the fall of the Roman Empire?

2. Europe in the Early Middle Ages, Sec. 1
Section Focus Question: Who came to hold the power once held by the Roman Emperor?

3. Background
The Roman Empire had collapsed, leaving W. Europe without a central authority.
Germanic kings established new kingdoms.

4. The Geography of Europe
One very large landmass.
Peninsula of peninsulas.
Mountains and Plains – wide variation in its topography.
North (Mediterranean climate)– Broken range of mountains runs alongside the Scandinavian Peninsula.
The Northern European Plain was the corridor for migrating peoples from eastern Europe.
South – The Alps – Helped protect from invaders.
West – Pyrenees divided Spain and France.

5. Waterways Europe's rivers flow in several directions. Longest Rivers
Highways for trade
Water for farmlands
Natural boundaries
Longest Rivers
Rhine
Danube

6. Migrants & Invaders
The Germanic migrations signaled the beginning of a new period known as the “Middle Ages.” Also known as the “Medieval Age.”
Middle Ages is the period between the collapse of the Roman Empire (A.D. 500) and the beginning of the Modern Age (A.D. 1500)

7. New Kingdoms in Europe
The beginning of the Middle Ages is called a “dark age.” A time when the Roman government had collapsed. All that remained were its roads and waterways.

8. The Rise of the Franks
Clovis defeated the last Roman army in Gaul (A.D. 486). By the early 530s, the Franks controlled much of the land in present-day France and Germany.
Though they grew rich, by they year 700, they had broken off into smaller local kingdoms due to the lack of a strong central government.

9. A New Line of Kings
In 717, Charles Martel (“Charles the Hammer”) reunited the Frankish lands.
Most famous victory was the defeat of Spanish Muslim invaders at Tours.
Pepin the Short (Martel’s son) became the first king of a new dynasty. It was called the Carolingian.
He was the father of a famous ruler of the early Middle Ages – history knows him as “Charlemagne.”

10. Charlemagne’s Empire
Devout Christian who wanted to build a Christian empire.
During his reign he was constantly fighting to expand his realm.
Fiercest battle was a 30-year struggle against the Saxons.
Attacked Muslim Spain – While he did not achieve success, its heroes became legends.

11. Charlemagne was a just ruler.
Encouraged law and learning.
Enjoyed music.
Set up a palace school and library.
Had support from the Pope and the Catholic Church
For all that Charlemagne did, his empire did not have a strong government structure…after his death, quarrels among his grandsons divided the empire.

12. Turn & Talk: What was the effect of the fall of Rome on Europe?
How is the success of the Carolingian dynasty related to the collapse of Rome?
Why is Europe called a “peninsula of peninsulas”?
Who were the first people to control much of central and western Europe after the Romans?
What was the main strength and the main weakness of Charlemagne’s empire?

13. The Spread of Christianity – Sec.2
Section Focus Question: How did Christianity spread across Europe?

14. The Rise of Religious Orders
The diffusion (spread) of Christianity was aided by the growth of early Christian groups and institutions.

15. Monasteries
A place where people can dedicate their lives to study and prayer.
Many monks formed religious orders – men or women bound by vows.

16. The Rule of Saint Benedict
Italian monk shocked by the greed and corruption he saw, left Rome and became a hermit.
In 529 he founded a monastery.
Strict rules
Vow to remain a monk until death
Poverty, Chastity, and obedience to the order
What they did: Prayer, study, working in the gardens, caring for sick people, and working in the libraries.
The Rule of Saint Benedict became the standard for all monasteries throughout Europe.

17. Women in Religious Orders
Nuns who lived in convents.
What they did: Similar to monks, but they were also beekeepers, and grew herbs and food.
Widows and women who did not want to marry often chose convent life. Why? Because they could study (learn to read and write, etc.).

18. The Conversion of Europe
St. Patrick Converts Ireland
British-born
Captured by pirates as a boy and sold into slavery in Ireland
After six years he escaped
Inspired by faith, returned to Ireland to convert its people to Christianity.
Gained the trust of many Irish people.
Founded more than 300 churches
At the time of his death, Ireland was almost entirely Christian

19. Gregory I Converts England
In 597, Pope Gregory I decided to send Christianity to England.
Sent monks to England.
The king converted to the new faith and his subjects followed.
Over the next century, most of England became Christian.

20. Converting Pagan Europe
In the 700s and 800s, missionaries worked in other parts of Europe.
In northern Europe, an English monk known as Saint Boniface led the work of converting pagans.
Worked for 35 years to establish the Catholic Church in Germany and the Netherlands.
Became known as the “Apostle of Germany”
At age 80, he was murdered by a band of angry pagans.
He was the monk who chopped down the Oak tree to show the power of the Christian God over, Thor, the German’s chief god.

21. Christian Teachings Church Teachings:
Humans were basically sinful and weak.
Sin was a violation of God’s law.
The Devil was always waiting to tempt humans.
The only way to resist temptation and reach salvation was through the Church.
Christians had to observe the Sacraments.

22. Christendom
Eventually, most peoples of Europe were united under one faith…Christianity.
Common Identity
Sense of purpose

23. Turn & Talk… Who was Saint Benedict? What inspired him to leave Rome?
How did Benedict aim to ensure that his monks avoided greed and corruption?
How did missionaries like St. Patrick and St. Boniface spread Christianity?
What did the Christian religion teach about human nature?
What are monasteries?
Why did religious orders have strict rules?

24. The Development of European Feudalism – Sec. 3
Section Focus Question: What was feudalism and why did it develop?

25. A Violent Time
Between 800 and 1000 the people of Europe faced terrifying times.
Invaders threatened from all sides.
Successful invaders were the Vikings.

26. The Vikings
In the late 790s, the Vikings raided and plundered isolated monasteries in north Britain and Ireland.
They raided villages in the countryside's and burned churches in Paris.
They wanted more than the loot they captured, they wanted the lands. Therefore, they settled in both Britain and France.

27. A Feudal Society
Viking raids hurried the breakup of Charlemagne's empire.
Charlemagne's empire, after his death, could not protect people. Therefore, local nobles took over and the result was a system called “Feudalism.”

28. Lords and Vassals
Similar to Japan’s system of feudalism, Europe’s feudal system depended on an exchange of land for loyalty.
A lord gave a fief or grant of land to a loyal follower, known as a vassal.
Vassal means… “subject to.”
The vassal supplied knights or the lord in times of trouble.
Lords built their own castles and ruled the territories around them.

29. The Feudal Social Structure

30. Medieval Knights Most came from the noble class. Training began early.
Chivalry: Christian warrior’s code of behavior.
Bravery
Generous
Loyal
Protect women and the weak.
Christian
Defender of the Church

31. European and Japanese Feudalism
See page 401.

32. The Medieval Manor Along with feudalism, manorialism also existed.
A manor was the self-sufficient estate of a medieval lord.
Produced everything the lord, his family, and the villagers needed.
Ordinary people seldom left their village, except for the occasional fair or market day.

33. Managing the Manor Lady of the Manor Educated Run the castle
Supervise the dairy and the butcher
Made sure the manor had enough food, candles, and linen
Educated
From a noble family
Learned Latin
Music, astronomy, and herbal remedies

34. Lord of the Manor Bailiff Reeve
Judged minor crimes and settled arguments
Bailiff
Business Manager
Kept daily accounts
Served as judge
Collected taxes
Reeve
Repaired buildings and oversaw peasant’s work

35. Turn & Talk…
How did feudalism in both Japan and Europe provide stability to each society?
Within the feudal system, what people helped the lord manage his manor?
Why were the years 800 to 1000 terrifying in western Europe?
How did the Vikings influence western Europe?

36. So (Stop & Jot)….
How did Europe react to the fall of the Roman Empire?