1. The first word...
One day, a long, long time ago, some human being uttered the first word. Use your common sense and imagination to guess at what you think was probably the part of speech of the first word. Share your answer and the reason why.

2. Grammar Review
Parts of Speech Review
Parts of Sentence Review

3. The scientist used a microscope. Rembrandt slowly painted the canvas.
Practice Sentences
The scientist used a microscope.
Rembrandt slowly painted the canvas.
Yes, he and she were members.
De Soto floated down the Mississippi.
Spartacus and his force of gladiators lost.

4. What are the 8 parts of speech, and what does each one do?

5. NOUN Person, Place, or Thing (Idea, too). Common and Proper. Abstract.
Collective.
Singular & Plural.

6. Americans awaited a quiet summer.
How many nouns?
What kind are they?

7. 2. Pronouns Refer to nouns. Used in place of a noun.
Have gender (masculine, feminine) or neutral.
Have person and number.

8. Subject Pronouns (Only for subjects)
Singular Plural
1st Person I we
2nd Person you you
3rd Person he, she, it they

9. Object Pronouns (Only for objects)
Singular Plural
1st Person me us
2nd Person you you
3rd Person him, her, it them

10. Possessive Pronouns: (indicates ownership—both pronoun and adjective)
My, your, his, her, its, our, their.
No need for an apostrophe!
Diego lost his pesos.
The dog found its doghouse.

11. Interrogative Pronouns: (used to interrogate or ask)
Who, whose, whom, which, what?
Who went to the piazza?
Which lizard is yours?

12. Demonstrative Pronouns: (Used to demonstrate or show—can be vague or ambiguous.)
This, that, these, those
This is the worm I wish you to paint.
That is the opinion of a Philistine.

13. Relative Pronoun: (Relates an adjective clause to a main clause.)
Who, whose, whom, which, that
The man who followed you turned left.
The cake that was left out in the rain has melted.

14. Reflexive Pronouns: (Reflects back to the owner)
Myself, yourself, himself, etc.
Indefinite Pronouns: (General, no definite antecedent.)
anyone, anybody, each, all, etc.

15. I am he who aches of amorous love. He appeared to despise himself.

16. 3. Adjective Modifies (describes, changes) nouns and pronouns.
3 degrees of adjectives: positive, comparative, and superlative. (good, better, best)
Proper Adjectives: England=English, Spain=Spanish
Articles (Definite and Indefinite): A, an, the

17. He had a long chin and big, rather prominent teeth.
Identify the adjectives.

18. 4. Verb
A word that shows action, being, OR links a subject to a subject complement.
Tells us about nouns (acts as predicate to the subject)
4 parts: Infinitive—to do, to go, to think
Present participle—doing, going, thinking
Past—did, went, thought
Past Participle—done, gone, thought

19. Regular Verbs:
Inf. Pres. Part. Past Past Part
To work working worked worked
To spill spilling spilled spilled
Irregular Verbs
Don’t follow a regular pattern; must be memorized: to shrink, to ring, to break, etc.

20. Verb Types Helping Verbs (Future & Perfect Tenses)
Transitive Verbs: Action verb that acts on a direct object.
Intransitive Verb: Action verb that does not act on a direct object.

21. 6 Verb Tenses (Are used with person and number)
Present
Past
Future
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future Perfect

22. Identify Parts of Speech
Do bacilli and fungi have nuclei in their cells?
The luminous moonlight illuminated the Pequod.
3. On his solo transcontinental flight, he enjoyed the solitude.
4. The senior class president befriended the venerable man.
5. His hypoglycemia made him watch his diet.

23. Adverbs A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Queequeg swam slowly.
Ahab is too tall.
I like you, too.
He and she swim well.

24. Try not to overuse adverbs and adjectives…they are not really your friends!
A very tall, gigantic statue. OR
A colossal statue.
He was very, very hungry. OR
He was hungry.

25. Preposition
A word that shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence.
Time (before, during, after)
Space (in, on, beside, around)
Direction (to, from, forward)
Somewhere, over the rainbow.

26. Can you end a sentence with a preposition?
Where are you at? (Where’s the object)
Best to follow prepositions with their objects, but…
Who is this present for? This is better than, For whom is this present?

27. Conjunctions
A word that joins two words or two groups of words (phrases or clauses) together.
Hamlet and Ophelia were here or there, but we were and were not!!

28. Coordinating Conjunctions join equals (you should memorize these)
And
But Or
Nor
For So
Yet
Some people use the acronym FANBOYS to remember these.

29. Subordinating conjunctions join unequals (you should memorize these)If As
Since
When
Because
And others…

30. Correlative Conjunctions are multiple word joiners
Either/Or
Neither/Nor

31. Interjections
A word that shows emotion but has no real grammatical function.
Oh!
Ugh!
Wow!
Oof!
Doh!

32. Definitions: Parts of Speech
Grammar: A way of thinking about language.
Four Levels of Grammar: Parts of Speech, Parts of the Sentence, Phrases, Clauses
Parts of Speech: 8 kinds of words in English
Noun: Person, place, or thing (idea, also)
Pronoun: word that takes the place of a noun
Subject Pronouns: used as subjects of verbs and subject complements

33. Subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
Object pronouns: Used as indirect objects and objects of prepositions
Object pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
Adjective: word that modifies a noun/pronoun
Article: 3 adjectives a, an, the
3 Degrees of Adjectives: positive, comparative, superlative

34. Verb: a word that shows action, being, or links a subject to subject complement
Conjunction: a word that joins two words or groups of words
Coordinating: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet
Subordinating: if, as since, when, because…
Correlative: either or, neither nor, not only but also
Preposition: shows relationship between its object and another word
Interjection: shows emotion but no grammatical function