1. Western Europe
After Rome

2. Medieval Europe Middle…of what? Dark Ages? Early Middle Ages
Germanic tribes.
Nomadic peoples
Subsistence farmers
Chieftains
Most people illiterate
The High Middle Ages
Signs of recovery
Growth of towns
Trade w/Eastern Hemisphere established
Emergence of middle class
Renaissance begins at the end of the era

3. The Early Middle Ages
Collapse of political, social, and military order left Europe in chaos
Continuing invasions and conflicts
The Church provided cultural unity and enabled the area to regain some control

4. The Early Middle Ages: Political and Social Development
Germanic Tribes; borders changed with fortunes of war
Had smaller, less centralized states
Roman governors replaced with tribal chieftains
Roman concept of rule of law replaced with informal governments based on family ties and loyalty
Warriors bound to chiefs w/oaths of loyalty
People settled on manors, feudalism and manorialism developed
Complex system with mutual obligations

5. The Early Middle Ages: Political Development (cont.)
Franks managed to organize Germanic kingdoms under their kings and looked as if they might unite Western Europe under one king
Clovis: established the Frankish kingdom and converted to Christianity
Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) Carolingians takes control, stopped the Caliphate at the Battle of Tours (732)

6. Charlemagne Grandson of Charles Martel
temporarily unified most of western Europe
People needed protection from Vikings
Bureaucracy - Administrative system divided into counties governed by a count
Pushed for education, established schools throughout the Kingdom.
Missi dominici were the eyes and ears of the king
Charlemagne moved around the empire
Established peace and heavily promoted Christianity
Pope crowned Charlemagne emperor; implying heir to Roman throne
Showed superiority of church over political leaders
After his death, the empire was divided: Treaty of Verdun

7. Early Middle Ages (cont.)

8. From 800 to 1000, a 2nd major wave of invasions struck Europe led by Vikings, Muslims, & Magyars (The 1st wave were the barbarians that attacked Rome)
Text
These invasions caused widespread fear & suffering
Kings could not defend against invasion
People stopped looking to kings for protection
The invasions by Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims caused widespread disorder and suffering. Most western Europeans lived in constant danger. Kings could not effectively defend their lands from invasion. As a result, people no longer looked to a central ruler for security. Instead, many turned to local rulers who had their own armies. Any leader who could fight the invaders gained followers and political strength.

9. Western Europe Feudalism
Fiefs
Lords
Vassals
Knights
Feudalism – a mutually beneficial relationship of free persons sanctioned by oaths of loyalty in the absence of centralized authority.
How do kings fit into feudalism?
What is a code of chivalry?

10. Western Europe Manorial System
Economic self-sufficiency
Manor
Serfs
Agricultural improvements – three field system, windmills, plows, horse collar, stirrup
Development of Language – Latin/German….dialects (vernacular)

12. Lords built castles to protect their territory from outside invasions

13. Western Europe Roman Catholic Church
Power of the Church increased by…
Literate clergy
Controlled education (universities and art)
Weapons (interdict/excommunication)
Church hierarchy
Donation of Constantine
Example of power: Crusades
Power of the Church challenged by…
1054 Great Schism – Roman Catholic Church vs. Eastern Orthodox Church
Babylonian Captivity
3 Popes???
Councils

14. Western Europe Roman Catholic Church
Monasticism
Economic functions of agriculture and protection
Vow of poverty vs. Wealth
Attempts at reform: Cluniac Reforms

15. Western Europe Political Trends in the Later Middle Ages
Stronger monarchies
France
French: Estates-General had little power
Hundred Years War – on and off again war between
England and France
Holy Roman Empire
German: loose confederation, wanted ties to the church
Norman England
1066 Norman invasion
1215 Magna Carta – limits the power of the King and establishes rights for
The people.
1265 English Parliament
Hundred Years War

16. 100 Years War
Beginning in 1337, England invaded France to take over lands that belonged to William the Conqueror (a Frenchman who ruled England in 1066)
Began 116 years of turmoil
But there were major effects of 100 Years War:

17. New Weapons
Longbow—6-foot bows that could fire length of 3 football fields (replaced feudal fighting technique of using exclusively knights on horseback) baZ9E
Cannons—used Chinese technology of gunpowder to shoot 20-inch stone balls (replaced feudal practice of relying on castles for protection)

19. Western Europe High Middle Ages
Christian Crusades
Seljuk Turks limit access to Holy Land for Christians
Primogeniture rules
Church as a force of unity
Request from Byzantine emperor Alexius I
Urban II calls upon knights
Remission of sins, place in Heaven, god wills it
1st Crusade – got Jerusalem (Saladin later recaptured it)
4th Crusade – religious or economic in nature?
attack on commercial rivals in Constantinople
Ultimately the Crusaders failed to accomplish their goals

20. The Impact of the Crusades (cont.)
Crusades laid the foundation for the emergence of European countries in the next era
Put them into direct contact with oldest areas of world civilizations
Increase in knowledge
As Crusaders returned they brought back silks, porcelains, carpets, perfumes, spices, and preservatives
Europeans would not be content to remain in isolated, drafty castles; a whole new world awaited them

21. Economic Developments
Genoa and Venice benefitted from the Crusades
Carried knights and goods to and from the Holy Land; grew wealthy
Brought ideas about banking to the West
Merchants invested in trading ships
Internal trade grew
Hanseatic League (north) formed to facilitate trade
Kings sold charters/feudal ties severed
Kings received revenue from towns and built armies gaining power over aristocrats
Guilds formed
Merchant class develops
Social class structure more complex; serfs became craftsmen, etc

22. Economic Developments (cont.)
Growth of trade and banking formed the basis of western capitalism
Church against usury (charging interest); bankers were Jews
Church eventually eased its policies and became landholder and money lender
European Christians discriminated against Jews who lived in segregated communities (ghettos)
Limited there occupations
In 13th C English and French kings seized property
Pogroms drove Jews to eastern Europe

23. Social Change
As life became more complex women faced more restrictions
In early Germanic societies women had considerable freedoms and gained respect. Many joined monastic life
As cities grew, women were excluded from guilds and their role in commerce decreased.
Women seen as subservient and were encouraged to be docile and obedient.

24. Social Change Urban Life Nasty, Fire, Overcrowding
Cathedrals – Gothic vs. Romanesque
Learning
CHURCH – medicine?, scribes, Latin Vulgate
Scholasticism – Thomas Aquinas
Religious Orders – Knights Templar, Teutonic Knights
Universities – University of Paris, Oxford, Cambridge, Salerno Medical School (what does that say about the power of the Catholic Church)

25. Culture and Arts (cont.)
Development of vernacular
Previous literature written in Latin
Dante’s Divine Comedy written in vernacular; began to replace old Roman language
Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales; provided insight into medieval life in England
Others follow and by end of 14th C Latin no longer the preferred written language

26. Culture and Arts (cont.)
Cathedrals combined
Architecture
Painting
Sculpture
Inlay
Stained glass
Music
Literature
Painting became more sophisticated after 13th C
Most formal art produced for the Church or clergy
Renaissance reached full flower during 15th and 16th centuries