1. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

2. History of Anatomy
Early interest from desire to live through injuries and illnesses
Primitive healers learned medicinal value of herbs and potions
Ancient peoples believed that natural processes caused by spirits and supernatural forces

3. Trepanation Process of opening the skull
Used in primitive days to release evil spirits from head
As you can guess – high mortality
Still done today – Subdural hematomas

4. History of Anatomy
Alcmaeon – c. 400 BC – First known scientist to perform dissection. Searching for human intelligence (still ongoing?)
Herophilus – c. 300 BC – Human vivisection (live!)
Galen – AD 158 – dissection of apes and pigs. Overturned idea that arteries contain air.
Vesalius – AD 1533 – dissection of human corpses. De humani corporis fabrica libri septem (first anatomy book)
William Harvey – AD Proposes blood flows in a circulatory system with the heart as pump.
Microscope (Malpighi and Leeuwenhook) – first scientists to see capillaries and egg development

5. De humani corporis fabrica libri septem (On the fabric of the human body in seven books)
Vesalius published his book at the age of 28.
It was often bound in human skin.
Founder of human anatomy

6. What is Anatomy and Physiology?
Anatomy – the study of the structures and relationships between the parts
Physiology – the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole
Anatomy will name a bone and its position while physiology will describe its function, growth, repair, and importance to rest of body

7. Responsiveness - Ability to sense changes within, or around the organism and react to them
Growth and development - increase in body size, complexity or develop in some way
Reproduction - Parents produce offspring / producing new individuals
Metabolism- eat, breathe, excrete waste; use energy for functions

8. Organization- made up of one or more cell with complex structures and cellular processes.
Genetic code- living things have a genetic code (DNA) that passes down characteristics and gives instructions to cells
Homeostasis- maintain a stable internal environment.

9. Levels of Organization
Chemical – atoms and molecules provide framework for all living activities
Cell – smallest unit of life; structural unit
Tissue – group of cells with common function
Organ – different tissues working together to perform activity

10. Levels of Organization
Organ system – two or more organs working together to accomplish a task
Organism – obtain and process energy, respond to stimuli, and ability to reproduce

11. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Cardio- vascular system
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1

12. Levels of Structural Organization
Molecules
Atoms
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 1

13. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 2

14. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 3

15. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 4

16. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Cardio- vascular system
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 5

17. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Cardio- vascular system
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 6

18. Organ Systems 11 organ systems make up the organism:
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
The organ systems work together, not in isolation
THE WHOLE IS GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS– Discuss and write your own meaning of this with a partner.

19. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
New properties result from the interactions between organ systems.
Ex: respiratory and circulatory systems work together to provide oxygen to all cells.

20. Integumentary System

21. Skeletal System

22. Muscular System

23. Nervous System

24. Endocrine System

25. Cardiovascular System

26. Lymphatic System

27. Respiratory System

28. Digestive System

29. Urinary System

30. Reproductive System

31. Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, arms down at side with palms forward
Directional terms used to describe relative position of one part to another

32. Directional Terms Anterior (Ventral) – front Posterior (Dorsal) – back
Proximal – near
Distal – far
Lateral – to the side
Medial - toward middle
Superior – above
Inferior - below

34. Anterior Body Landmarks
Abdominal – anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
Acromial – point of shoulder
Antebrachial – forearm
Antecubial – anterior surface of elbow
Axillary – armpit
Brachial – arm
Buccal – cheek area
Carpal – wrist
Cervical – neck region
Coxal –hip
Crural –leg
Deltoid – curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle
Digital – fingers, toes
Femoral – thigh
Fibular – lateral part of leg
Inguinal – area where thigh meets body trunk; groin
Nasal – nose area
Oral – mouth
Orbital – eye area
Patellar – anterior knee
Pelvic – area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
Pubic – genital region
Sternal – breastbone area
Tarsal – ankle region
Thoracic – chest
Umbilical - navel

35. Posterior Body Landmarks
Calcaneal – heel of foot
Cephalic – head
Femoral – thigh
Gluteal – buttock
Lumbar – area of back between ribs and hips
Occipital – posterior surface of head
Olecranal – posterior surface of elbow
Popliteal – posterior knee area
Sacral – area between hips
Scapular – shoulder blade region
Sural – posterior surface of lower leg; calf
Vertebral – area of spine
Plantar (interior body) – sole of the foot

36. Body Planes and Sections
To look at the internal structures of the body, physicians make a section, or cut.
When a section goes through an organ, it is along an imaginary line called a plane.

37. Sagittal Section
Sagittal section – cut along lenthwise (logitudinal) plane of the body, diving into L and R
If L and R are equal and cut is down the median plane of the body, it is called a median or midsagittal section

38. Frontal Section
Frontal section – cut along the lengthwise plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. Also called a coronal section.

39. Transverse Section
Transverse section – cut along a horizontal plane, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.
Also called a cross section

41. Body Cavities
Body cavities provide different degrees of protection to the organs within them.
There are two: dorsal and ventral.
Dorsal body cavity –two divisions:
Cranial cavity – space inside skull
Spinal cavity – extends from cranial cavity to end of vertebral column.
Vertebrae surround spinal cavity

42. Body Cavities
Ventral body cavity is much larger than the dorsal cavity.
Contains all structures within the chest and abdomen
Subdivisions:
Superior thoracic cavity – separated by diaphragm
Protected by rib cage
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity –contains stomach, liver, intestines
Pelvic cavity – reproductive organs, bladder, rectum

43. Quadrants of Abdominopelvic Cavity

44. Regions of Abdominopelvic Cavity

45. Anterior view of ventral body cavity

46. Homeostasis Conditions remaining relatively stable
Response of an organism to stimuli maintains homeostasis of the organism
Operates on a negative feedback cycle.

47. Negative Feedback Control center in brain, set point at 37°C.
When body temp climbs above 37.2°C, heat loss is increased through blood flow to skin.
Similar to thermostat, with set point and effector response to return to normal temp.
What is an example of positive feedback?
Labor. Oxytocin is a hormone that stimulates uterine contractions. As contractions occur more oxytocin is released and so on.

48. Homeostasis All homeostatic control mechanisms have:
Receptor – sensor that monitor and responds to changes in environment (stimuli)
Afferent pathway from receptor to control center
Control Center – determines the level at which a variable is to be maintained and determines appropriate response
Effector – controls means for response
Efferent pathway from control center to effector

49. Homeostasis

50. Homeostasis
Body temperature is an example of something that the human body maintains through homeostasis = human thermoregulation
Example: Heat
Receptor?
Skin cells
Control Center?
Hypothalamus
Effector?
Sweat glands secrete sweat; causing heat loss by evaporative cooling