1. Connections: Beyond the Classical Civilizations

2. Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Kingdom of Ethiopia Kingdom of Kush
Est. by 1000 BCE
Monarchy with complex rituals
Kingdom of Axum
Conquered the Kingdom of Kush by 300 BCE
Kingdom of Ethiopia
Conquered Axum
Both Axum and Ethiopia traded with the Med. World until the fall of Rome
Some convert to Judaism and Christianity by 300 CE

4. Western Africa Extensive agriculture spreads to the fringes of Sahara
Root crops and by 100 CE plantains
Regional Kingdoms form
Ghana emerges as the largest and most influential

6. Asia Japan agriculture well-established by 200 C.E.
regional states, c. 300 C.E.
writing introduced 400 C.E.
Shintoism
organized by 700 C.E.
state formation by 600 C.E

7. Northern Europe Germanic, Celtic, Slavic peoples loose kingdoms
oral culture
simple agriculture
sailing
animistic

8. The Americas and Polynesia
Maya
Successors to the Olmec
Establish the first great civilization in Mesoamerica
Inca
Develop in modern day Peru and Bolivia
Est. a complex society ruled by an emperor
Polynesian societies
Develop in isolation due to geography
Fiji, Samoa by 1000 B.C.E. Hawaii by 400 C.E.

10. Silk Road (150 BCE-907 CE) Overland trade route
Connected China to the Med. World via Mesopotamia, Iran, and central Asia
Allowed for the transfer of goods and technology
Paper, stirrup, silk from East
Metals, grapes, medicinal products from the West
Those that lived along the rout became wealthy and powerful

12. Indian Ocean Trade Network
Over sea trade route
Linked the three regions
South China Sea
Southeast Asia to west coast of India
West coast of India to Persian Gulf and East Africa
Improvement in sailing technology
Lateen sail
No political ties due to distance of trade network
Traded spices, pearls, Chinese pottery, and luxury items

14. Saharan Trade Networks
Two Regions
Sub-Saharan and Med. fringes
Traded salt, kola-nuts, palm oil from the southern Saharan region
Wild animals to the Mediterranean world