1. Water Cycle Actions: Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Run off
Infiltration
Storage:
Oceans
Lakes
Glaciers
Groundwater

2. Groundwater Movement
One of the most abundant sources of fresh water on the planet
Motion is controlled by two variables:
Porosity
Permeability

3. Porosity Amount of empty space within a material
Material: sediment, fractured rock, sponge, etc
Affected by roundness and sorting of unconsolidated sediments
Expressed as a percent of total volume of substance
Porosity = (volume of pore space)/(total volume) * 100%

4. Permeability Ability of water to flow through material
Cohesion, Adhesion?
Affected by pore size and connectedness of spaces
Small pores constrict water flow
Lack of connection between pores reduces/eliminates
water flow

5. Capillary Action Is the upward motion of ground water
Influenced by particle size
Smaller particles = higher water
Caused by adhesion of water to particles
As pore space gets larger, gravity takes over, pulling the water down
This is why you can dig in the sand near a beach and hit water above the height of the surface of the lake

6. What is a Budget? A way to keep track of input/output of a system
Bank account
Water storage
Take the amount coming in, see if you owe anything, pay it, check your balance. If you don’t have enough, then you go into deficit (a la USA, $8,000,000,000,000).

7. Lab 25: Local Water Budget
P = Precipitation
Ep = potential evapo-transpiration
DSt = change in storage (same as amt of P-Ep, unless there wasn’t enough in storage from previous month)
Ea = actual evapo-transpiration; why could actual ever be less than potential?
S = surplus, equals (P-Ep)-DSt
D = deficit, the difference between Ea and Ep
St = storage; storage is expressed as a percentage (0-100)

8. When would storage of groundwater be at its maximum?
Start with a month you KNOW will either be full (100 St) or empty (0 St)
Finish this lab so you can use it on the next lab!

9. Think work 1/28 Describe a sediment in which water would flow quickly.
Identify the names of all sediment sizes.
What property of sediments allow water to flow upward?
What happens to porosity with increased grain size?
What happens to permeability with increased grain size?

10. Bell work 1/26
A region is experiencing a deficit of groundwater and 100mm of rain falls. There is a potential of 250mm of evapotranspiration.
How much water evaporates?
How much deficit does the region experience that month?
Monday: using computers to assemble your review sessions! Who still needs to sign up??

11. Climate The characteristic weather of a region.
Primarily based on temperature (which leads to potential evapotranspiration) and precipitation.
Ratio of P:Ep
Weather is what happens short-term. Climate is the long-term trend of weather.

12. Other factors affecting climate
Latitude (insolation)
Location of water and land areas
Precipitation patterns
Ocean currents
Wind belts
Vegetation

14. Climate Classification
Based on moisture, temperature:
Moisture: arid (<.4), semiarid (.4-.8), subhumid (.8-1.2), humid (>1.2)
Those numbers are climate ratios
Temperature: polar, subpolar, subtropical, tropical
Vegetation: desert, grassland (steppe, taiga), deciduous forest & coniferous forest, rain forest
Climate Ratio = P/Ep
Calculate your climate ratios for budget lab

15. Effect of land/water on temperature
For a given latitude, temperature will vary less with proximity to water;
-water has a moderating effect.
Example: San Francisco vs St. Louis
Winter: SF=49, SL=32
Summer: SF=64, SL=78

16. Climographs Show temperature and precipitation of a region.
Can be used to classify a region’s climate type.
How could you tell if you were in the southern hemisphere?

17. 2/9
Norway has an annual precipitation of 1250mm, and an annual potential evaporation of 1120mm. Classify Norway in terms of climate zone.
What 2 effects do ocean currents have on Norway?
Why do large bodies of water have a moderating effect on annual temperature ranges?

18. What is the effect of ____ on climate?
Latitude?
Bodies of water?
Winds?
Ocean circulation?
Elevation?
Mountains?

19. Effect of _____ on climate? Prevailing Wind patterns
Notice high pressure at 30 degrees?
High pressure = ??? weather
Porosity/Permeability/capillary action
What affects these?
How does water flow faster?
Porosity is independent of particle size!
But what about mixing sizes together?
Rainfall vs. output (evap, runoff, etc)
Factors affecting runoff
Reading a water budget (surplus, usage, deficit, recharge)
Climate types, ratios