1. Unit 5: Expansion and Reform
The 2nd Industrial revolution
Consequences of the 2nd Industrial Revolution
Progressive Reforms to Fix Society

2. Railroads
Railroads started in early 1800s but became more popular after Civil War
Profitable and reliable form of transportation

3. Effects of Railroads Effected Other Industries…
RR required certain materials like steel
More RR being built = more steel that needed to be made
RR caused the steel industry to grow
Helped other industries grow by transporting supplies for manufacturing and goods for trade

4. Effects of Railroads Transcontinental Railroad:
Effected Development of the West…
Transcontinental Railroad:
Built 1869
RR that connected East to West
Union Pacific (Irish)
Central Pacific (Chinese)
Improved transportation for businesses and travelers
Increased Chinese population in West due to jobs building RR
More people could move out west because RR linked them economically to the east
1869
2007

5. Monopolies Monopoly (aka trust) Ex: Standard Oil Company
Business that controls the price of the product since it is the only seller
Ex: Standard Oil Company
Owned by John D. Rockefeller
Controlled the oil market
Led to the rise of “big businesses” that built large factories and employed many people

6. New Inventions
New inventions improved communication, transportation, and manufacturing
Examples:
Electric Light Bulb, Phonograph, and Motion Picture (invented by Thomas Edison)
Telephone (invented by Alexander Graham Bell)
Telegraph/Morse Code (invented by Samuel Morse)
Bessemer Process made better steel (invented by Henry Bessemer)
Light Bulb
Phonograph
Motion Picture Camera

7. Consquences of the 2nd industrial revolution

8. Consequence #1 = Immigration
More factories = more jobs
Immigration increased dramatically
Most immigrants in eastern US were from Southern and Eastern Europe
Arrived at Ellis Island in NY where all immigrants were examined and registered
Most immigrants in western US were from China
Arrived at Angel Island in CA where they were examined and registered
Immigrants settled in cities and were willing to work for low wages
Effects: Prejudice, stereotyping, discrimination

9. Consequence #1 – cont. Chinese Exclusion Act:
law passed in 1882 that banned Chinese immigration to the US
Americans were angry about high numbers of Chinese taking jobs in the West
lasted until 1943 and showed racism during the time period

10. Attitudes towards immigrants

11. Consequence #2 = Conflict with Natives
RR allowed more people to move out west
US Citizens took land from Native Americans
Native Americans relied on strong leadership during this difficult time
Ex: Chief Sitting Bull
Leader of Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux tribe
Refused to depend on US government for help or to live on a reservation
Eventually surrendered to US govt in 1881 after running out of resources
Battle field, mass grave at Wounded Knee 1890

12. Consequence #2 = Conflict with Natives
Resulted in many conflicts between native tribes and US military
Ex: Battle of Wounded Knee
1890, South Dakota
Over 300 natives died, including women and children
Last major battle between whites and natives
Natives lost power to US government

13. Consequence #3 = Labor Unions & Strikes
Factories jobs = long hours and little pay
Workers formed labor unions
Group of laborers
Worked together to gain better working conditions, shorter hours, and more pay
Example of Labor Union…
American Federation of Labor:
national labor union that included skilled workers
largest labor union during this time period with over 1 million members
led by Samuel Gompers from
Samuel Gompers

14. (Consequence #3 continued)
Labor unions went on strike
Strike: labor union members refused to work until they received demands like better pay, working conditions, or hours
Example of a strike…
Pullman Strike:
Infamous strike near Chicago in 1894
Workers at Pullman Palace Car Company made luxury railroad cars
Company cut wages so workers went on strike with help of American Railroad Union
Strike eventually involved over 250,000 railroad workers and interfered with RR travel in 27 states
Federal Government stepped in to end strike, which showed their loyalty to business owners rather than workers

15. The progressive era

16. What was the Progressive Era?
Cause: Industrialization and social inequality caused many problems
Effect: the Progressive Era
Reformers (aka muckrakers)
identified the problems
exposed the problems
tried to fix the problems

17. Progressive Reforms Social Reforms Economic Reforms Political Reforms
- Temperance - Immigration
- Women’s Rights - Racial Inequality/Equality
Economic Reforms
- Factory Conditions - Conservation
- “Trustbusting”
Political Reforms
- Expanding Political Power of Voters

18. Social Reform: Temperance
Against alcohol
Blamed alcohol for society’s problems like gambling, prostitution, and abuse
18th Amendment
added to Constitution in 1919
Started Prohibition when it was illegal to buy or sell alcohol
Lasted from 1919 to 1933

19. Social Reform: Women’s Rights
Women’s rights movement started in 1848 at Seneca Falls Convention
In 1900s, still fought for suffrage (voting rights)
Used marches, peaceful protests, and speeches
Gained suffrage with 19th Amendment in 1919

20. Social Reform: Immigration
Anti-Immigration
Nativists: people opposed to immigration
Blamed society’s problems on immigrants
Pro-Immigration
Some people helped immigrants assimilate into American society
Ex: Jane Addams
Created settlement house named Hull House
Taught immigrants English and helped them find jobs

21. Social Reform: Racial Inequality
14th and 15th Amendments were not obeyed in the South
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896):
Supreme Court said segregation was okay as long as facilities were equal
“Separate But Equal”
Jim Crow laws
Laws in the South that enforced racial segregation
Ex: separate schools, water fountains, stores, restaurants
Facilities were NOT equal

22. Social Reform: Racial Equality
To fight racial inequality NAACP was formed
NAACP (1909 to present)
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Founded by diverse group of people, including W.E.B. DuBois
Used legal system to fight against Jim Crow South

23. Economic Reform: Factory Conditions
Two key events proved that factories were unsafe and unsanitary
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
Upton Sinclair’s book The Jungle
Both events convinced people that factories needed to be changed

24. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
1911, New York City
Fire started at factory
Workers (mostly women) could not escape because of cramped rooms and lack of exits
148 women died either in fire or from jumping out windows
Effect: safer work places with better fire safety and more exits
Worst workplace disaster
in NYC until
9/11/2001 attacks

25. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair
- Exposed unsanitary conditions at meat packing factories
- Ex: rat droppings in food, sick cows still slaughtered, old meat re-packaged for sale
- Meat sales decreased significantly
- Led to reform laws (1906)
1) Meat Inspection Act: all meat had to be inspected by federal officials
2) Pure Food and Drug Act: all food and drugs had to have labels listing ingredients

26. Economic Reform: “Trustbusting”
Monopolies (Trusts) controlled markets for products like oil and steel
Many saw this as unfair
Ex: Ida Tarbell
Wrote History of the Standard Oil Company
Exposed corrupt nature of Rockefeller’s company
Laws passed to break up trusts (aka trustbusting)
Gave smaller businesses chance to succeed
President Teddy Roosevelt’s nickname = the Trustbuster

27. Economic Reform: Conservation
"We have fallen heirs to the most glorious heritage a people ever received, and each one must do his part if we wish to show that the nation is worthy of its good fortune."
- Theodore Roosevelt
Industrialization & westward expansion increased use of American resources in 1800s
President Theodore Roosevelt recognized need to protect and preserve natural resources before it was too late
Actions taken by Roosevelt
Created US Forest Service
Declared 150 areas as National Forests
Established 5 National Parks
Overall, protected over million acres of land
Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

28. Political Reform: Increased Power of Voters
Several laws passed in early 1900s that gave more political power to voters
Initiative: voters can sign petition to propose laws for Congress to vote on
Recall: voters can remove an elected official from office
Referendum: voters can vote by ballot to reject or approve a law
17th Amendment: “direct election of Senators,” allows voters to elect Senators rather than other Congressmen choosing them