1. Chapter Eleven Motivation and Emotion

2. Question Drive reduction theory states that motivation arises from
imbalances in homeostasis.
imbalances in brain neurotransmitters.
internal “drives” to succeed.
external challenges in the environment.

3. Answer Choice a is correct.
According to drive reduction theory, homeostatic imbalances create a biological need. In response to such a need, the brain tries to re-establish homeostasis by creating a psychological state called a drive. (Chapter 11, Drive Reduction Theory section)

4. Question
Your friend, Joe, enjoys snowboarding, riding roller coasters, driving to work on his motorcycle, and playing the game Operation. Which of the following theories best accounts for this assortment of motivated behaviors?
Instinct theory
Drive reduction theory
Optimal arousal theory
Incentive theory

5. Answer Choice c is correct.
Optimal arousal theory posits that people are motivated to engage in certain behaviors in order to maintain what is, for them, an optimal level of arousal. This optimal level is higher for some people, including Joe, than for other people. (Chapter 11, Optimal Arousal Theory section)

6. Question
Which of the following theories most closely resembles some of the ideas embodied in operant conditioning models of learning and behavior?
Instinct theory
Drive reduction theory
Optimal arousal theory
Incentive theory

7. Answer Choice d is correct.
Incentive theory states that people are pulled toward behaviors that offer positive incentives (like reinforcers in operant conditioning models), and people are pushed away from behaviors that offer negative incentives (like punishment in operant conditioning models). (Chapter 11, Incentive Theory section)

8. Question
If an organism sustained damage to its ___________, we might expect to see disruption in motivated behaviors including eating, drinking, and sexual behaviors.
hippocampus
hypothalamus
amygdala
reticular formation

9. Answer Choice b is correct.
The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of a variety of motivated behaviors, including hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior. (Chapter 11, Hunger and the Brain section)

10. Question
According to Maslow, only rare individuals, such as Mother Teresa and Martin Luther King, Jr., approach ___________, which means reaching one’s full potential.
ego-syntonic achievement
homeostatic balance
self-actualization
the zone

11. Answer Choice c is correct.
Self-actualization is at the apex of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. It involves reaching one’s full potential in different domains in one’s life. (Chapter 11, Relations and Conflict Among Motives section)

12. Question
Suppose you are currently working on esteem needs (the need to be respected as a useful, honorable person) within Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. If, suddenly, you lose your job and all of your money and don’t know where your next meal will come from, then Maslow suggests that you will
move back down the hierarchy and address your basic physiological needs.
continue to address your esteem needs.
progress on and begin working on self-actualization.
none of the above.

13. Answer Choice a is correct.
According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, an individual must re-visit previously addressed needs in the lower levels of the hierarchy if any of those needs are no longer adequately addressed. (Chapter 11, Relations and Conflicts Among Motives section)

14. Question
You are currently facing the choice between dating Jennifer Lawrence or Scarlet Johanssen (or Liam Hemsworth or Channing Tatum). According to Miller’s four basic types of motivational conflicts, you are facing a(n)
approach-approach conflict.
avoidance-avoidance conflict.
approach-avoidance conflict.
multiple approach-avoidance conflict.

15. Answer Choice a is correct.
An approach-approach conflict is when a person is faced with a choice between two desirable outcomes. These examples would typically represent just such a win-win situation for a given person. (Chapter 11, Linkages: Conflicting Motives and Stress section)

16. Question
The ____________ in the ______________ appears to play a key role in various aspects of emotion.
amygdala; limbic system
hippocampus; hindbrain
hypothalamus; limbic system
striatum; cerebral cortex

17. Answer Choice a is correct.
The amygdala in the limbic system is central to emotional processing in the brain. Damage to the amygdala can cause a variety of disruptions in normal emotional processing, including the inability to judge others’ emotional states. (Chapter 11, The Biology of Emotion section)

18. Question
Which of the following theories of emotion might be termed the “physiology first” theory because of its emphasis on the primacy of specific physiological changes as the determinant of emotional experience?
James’s peripheral theory of emotion
Cannon’s central theory of emotion
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion
None of the above

19. Answer Choice a is correct.
James’s peripheral theory of emotion states that emotions are created by an awareness of specific patterns of autonomic nervous system activation (i.e., physiological arousal). James stated that “… we feel afraid, because we tremble.” (Chapter 11, James’s Peripheral Theory section)

20. Question
The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion sheds light on the role of __________ in the experience of emotions.
hormones
cognitions
neurotransmitters
the thalamus

21. Answer Choice b is correct.
The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion posits that emotions emerge from a combination of feedback from physiological responses and cognitive interpretations (labels) of the nature and cause of those physiological responses. (Chapter 11, Cognitive Theories section)