3. Concepts from the future…

4. Overview of Basic APHG Concepts
Human geography is all about identifying patterns, analyzing statistics and discovering what they can tell us about our world.
We will discuss these concepts in each regional unit in Pre-AP and analyze them even further in AP Human.
They are important to know and understand!!

5. Development: evolution, growth, expansion, enlargement, progress
More Developed Country (MDC):
have a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure. The criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), the per capita income,
level of industrialization,
amount of widespread
infrastructure and
general standard of living.

6. Development: evolution, growth, expansion, enlargement, progress
Less Developed Country (LDC):
Meets three criteria:
Poverty
Human resource weakness (poor nutrition, health, education and adult literacy)
Economic vulnerability: unstable agricultural production, lacking exports of goods and services, and the percentage of population displaced by natural disasters

7. Human Development Index (HDI)
Developed by the United Nations, the HDI combines several measures of development: life expectancy at birth, adjusted GDP per capita, and knowledge (schooling and literacy).

11. What types of jobs would a person in a less developed country have
What types of jobs would a person in a less developed country have? More developed? Developing?

12. ECONOMIC INDICATORS of DEVELOPMENT
Primary sector: directly extract materials from Earth through agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry
Secondary sector: includes manufacturers that process, transform, and assemble raw materials into useful products
Tertiary sector: involves the provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment.

13. Types of Jobs: Comparing MDC vs. LDC

14. Core- Periphery Model
This north polar projection of the world shows that most of the MDCs are in a core area north of 30° N latitude. The LDCs are mostly on the periphery of this map.
Fig. 9-22: This north polar projection of the world shows that most of the MDCs are in a core area north of 30° N latitude. The LDCs are mostly on the periphery of this map.

15. 3 important things about POPULATION
More people than ever before
World population has increased at a faster rate after 1950’s than ever before
AND almost all population growth is concentrated in less developed countries (LDC’s)

16. CARTOGRAM!!!

18. World and Country Population Totals
Distribution and Structure: 3/4 of people live on 5% of earth's surface!
Total: billion as of 2012
Current Population counter:
Five most populous regions and countries
REGION POP. COUNTRY POP.
East Asia billion China billion
South Asia billion India billion
Europe million U.S million
SE Asia million Indonesia 247 million
East N. Am million Brazil 203 million

19. END OF NOTES FOR FRIDAY 8/5 WILL FINISH THE REST ON MONDAY

20. GET OUT YOUR CLASS NOTES AND THE MAP FROM FRIDAY

22. What can population pyramids tell us?
What can we infer?

23. Describe this pyramid. What does it tell you about the country
Describe this pyramid. What does it tell you about the country? Where might it be located?
IT’S NIGERIA!!

24. Describe this pyramid. What does it tell you about the country
Describe this pyramid. What does it tell you about the country? Where might it be located?
IT’S DENMARK!!

25. Describe this pyramid. What does it tell you about the country
Describe this pyramid. What does it tell you about the country? Where might it be located?
IT’S JAPAN!!
1958: 3RD LARGEST TYPHOON EVER

26. MIGRATION Emigration: migration FROM a location
Immigration: migration TO a location
Net migration: difference between the # IMMIGRANTS and the # of EMIGRANTS
Net in-migration:
immigrants > emigrants
Net out-migration: immigrants < emigrants

27. Why do people migrate?

28. PUSH/PULL FACTORS Can be ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL, ECONOMIC
PUSH: induces people to leave their present location
PULL: induces people to come to a new location
Can be ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL, ECONOMIC
What are some push/pull factors?
Any personal examples in your family?

30. Voluntary migration Forced Migration
The migrant makes the decision to move.
Most migration is voluntary.
CHAIN MIGRATION: movement because a family member has already migrated to an area “person follows someone else to a place”
Forced Migration
Involuntary migration in which the mover has no role in the decision-making process, or fears for their life.
Slavery.
About 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between and 1867.
In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States.
Refugees.
Military conscription.
Children of migrants.
Situations of divorce or separation.

31. Demography
Scientific study of population characteristics that analyzes population trends and predicts future occurrences based on current statistics
Statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.

32. Miniature Earth
If the Earth were condensed down to 100 people, here is what it’s demography would look like.
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33. Crude means: looking at society as a whole!

34. Natural Increase Rate: CBR – CDR then divide by 10

35. The Demographic Transition Model: seeks to explain the transformation of countries from having high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. In developed countries this transition began in the eighteenth century and continues today. Less developed countries began the transition later and are still in the midst of earlier stages of the model.

36. Demographic Transition Model
Stage one
Birth/death rate high
Fragile population
Stage two
Lower death rates
Infant mortality rate high
Natural increase high
Stage three
Indicative of richer developed countries
Higher standards of living/education
Stage Four
Birth/death rates are almost =
Zero Population Growth
Most Northern and Western Euro countries

37. Overpopulation
When consumption of natural resources by people outstrip the ability of a natural region to replace those natural resources.

38. NOTES FOR MONDAY STOPPED HERE. WILL FINISH TUESDAY!

39. Thomas Malthus on Population
Pessimist
population would outrun food supply
decrease in food per person.
Assumptions
Populations grow exponentially.
Food supply grows arithmetically.
Food shortages and chaos inevitable.

40. Ester Boserup on population
Optimist.
“Necessity is the mother of invention.”
Many people, but we will meet the challenge because we have to.
More people=more minds=more innovation.
Opposite of Malthus

41. Malthus: Mid 1700’s Boserup: Mid 1900’s Malthus vs. Boserup
Think: Why do the dates make a difference in their theories of population?

42. Stop until tomorrow!

43. Folk and Popular Culture
After reading the article and taking notes on your T-chart, you are going to create a collage to represent both folk and pop culture.
Divide you paper in half to represent either side and cut images from the magazines to portray aspects of folk and pop culture.
Items to include for both sides, but not limited to:
clothing, leisure time, food, housing, music, religion, art, jobs, physical landscape, locations of both, how each diffuses, hearths
For each example you get from one side, try to get the same example for the other side (for instance: pop clothing and folk clothing) 5 on each side!!!!

44. Culture Hearth Diffusion
the sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of society
Basically, what people care about
Place where ideas, culture, and innovations spread from
Diffusion
The spread of a culture element or some other phenomena

45. Ethnicity & Conflict
Ethnic group: people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture
Ethnic Conflict: an armed conflict between ethnic groups.

46. Types of Religion Very influential in cultures Religion Categories:
Monotheistic
Belief in one god
Polytheistic
Belief in many gods
Animistic
Belief in divine forces in nature
How religions spread throughout the world:
Religion spreads through diffusion and converts.

47. FAITH FOLLOWERS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD…
These are estimations!!

48. Religions and Region

49. Abrahamic Religions Judaism: Islam: Sunni and Shiite Christianity:
Created (and mostly practiced) in Israel
Established more than 3,200 years ago
Oldest monotheistic religion
Basic laws & teachings come from Torah (Holy book)
Christianity:
Evolved from the teachings of Judaism (2,000 yrs. ago)
Monotheistic
Based on teachings of Jesus Christ (Son of God to Christians)
New Testament of Bible
Found on every continent
Groups: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox
Islam:
Based on teachings of Prophet Muhammad
Monotheistic
God is Allah (Arabic)
Close ties to Judaism and Christianity
Holy Book = Qur’an
2 major divisions:
Sunni and Shiite

50. Diffusion of Christianity

51. Diffusion of Islam
Islam is considered the fastest growing religion in America.

52. Hinduism:
One of the world’s oldest religions (dates back 5,000 years)
“Ethnic” religion (India)
Polytheistic
One or many gods represent an aspect of the divine spirit, Brahman
Includes a Caste system (shapes lives and culture)
Buddhism:
Offshoot of Hinduism
Developed in India (563 B.C.)
Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha/Enlightened One)
Rejected Hindu caste system
Focused teachings on correct way to live to reach enlightened spiritual state called NIRVANA

53. Hindu Caste System

54. Ritual Bathing in the Ganges River
Hindu pilgrims achieve purification by bathing in the Ganges.

55. CLICK LINK!

58. Types of Government
Representative Democracy: Citizens hold political power; “Rule by the People” (U.S.)
Monarchy: A ruling family, headed by a king or queen, holds political power (UK)
What is a constitutional monarchy?

59. Dictatorship: An individual or group holds COMPLETE political power (North Korea, Cuba)
Military dictatorship: where the government resides within the military.

60. Economic Systems Traditional: “Barter”; trade without use of money
Command: Government determines and owns all means of production
Market: “Capitalism”; based on Supply and Demand—consumers play large role
Mixed: Combination of command and market