1. Derivational Affixation
nation N
nation al ADJ
nation al ize V
nation al iz ation N
inter nation al iz ation N

2. Hierarchical Structure of Derivation
Adjective
un Adjective
Noun atic
system
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 53.

3. What do Derivational Morphemes give us?
 NEW words / different words
 RELATED Meaning, BUT NOT THE SAME (happy vs. unhappy)
 Maybe different grammatical category—maybe not

4. What do Inflectional Morphemes give us?
 Same word (different tense, number, person/agreement, case) [ usually used in the syntax of the language]
 Same basic meaning
 No change in grammatical category

5. How can knowing about morphology help you?
 To COMPREHEND unknown words when you encounter them
 For GUESSING unknown words
 To LEARN unknown / new words
 To MEMORIZE OR REMEMBER them

6. Productive Affixes -able V+able V  ADJ -ness ADJ+ness ADJ  N
-er V+er V  N
un- un+ADJ ADJ  ADJ
-ity ADJ+ity ADJ  N
-th ADJ+th ADJ  N
-en ADJ+en ADJ  V
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

7. Types of Accidental Gaps
1. Some sound sequences OK, but not used in English
(blick, slarm, krobe)
2. Some derived forms do not exist
no unpossible (only impossible)
3. Some gaps / missing word in English lexicon
no generic common word for BOVINE (only COW and BULL)

8. Accidental Derivational Gaps
permit commit transmit
-sion permission commission transmission
-ive permissive commissive transmissive
-ible permissible commissible transmissible
in- impermissible (incommissible) intransmissible
-al (permittal) committal transmittal
-er (permissioner) commissioner (transmissioner)
-er permitter committor transmitter
Miller, George A The Science of Words. New York: Scientific American Library, p. 109.

9. Morphological Analysis
Adjective Meaning
ugly very unattractive
uglier more ugly
ugliest most ugly
pretty nice looking
prettier more nice looking
prettiest most nice looking
tall large in height
taller more tall
tallest most tall
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 65.

10. Zulu (Morphology: Exercise 5)
PREFIX NUMBER ROOT GLOSS SUFFIX CLASS
um- SINGULAR
aba- PLURAL
-i NOUN
-a VERB
faz married woman i
fan boy i
zal parent i
fundis teacher / teach i / a
baz carver / carve i / a
lim farmer / farm i / a
dlal player / play i / a
fund reader / read i / a

11. Chickasaw (Morphology Ex 17 or 18)
a. Root morphemes
1. chaaha to be tall
2. hopoba to be hungry
b. Morphemes
1. -tok past tense
2. sa- I
3. chi- you
4. — he/she
c. ispokni “to be old
1. chisipokni you are old
2. sipoknitok he was old
3. hoosipokni they are old

12. Samoan (Morphology: Exercise 9 or 10)
(1) they weave lalaga
(2) they travel savavali
(3) he sings pese b.
Morphological rule for making third person plural from third person singular verb forms in Samoan:
Reduplicate the second syllable from the end.