1. The Industrial Revolution
CHAPTER 13
The Industrial Revolution
Section 1: Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Section 2: The Factory System
Section 3: New Methods and Business Organizations
Section 4: Living and Working Conditions
Section 5: Socialism

2. Copy the Chart Below in Word
SECTION 1
Copy the Chart Below in Word
Invention
Function of Invention
Industry
Inventor
Jethro Tull
Eli Whitney
James Watt
Samuel Morse
Edmund Cartwright
Robert Stephenson

3. Many things had remained unchanged for centuries.
SECTION 1
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
To understand the importance of the Industrial Revolution, you have to know what life was like before it.
Many things had remained unchanged for centuries.
Life was mainly based on farming, with families producing enough for their own needs. Craftspeople also worked on a local level, making and mending things for their neighbors with little contact with the outside world.

4. Few people realized that all this was set to change.
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Origins of the Industrial Revolution
The slow pace of life was hardly different from that of the Middle Ages.
Water mills, windmills, and horses or oxen provided the only extra power, and most work was still down by hand.
Few people realized that all this was set to change.

5. SECTION 1
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
What is a revolution?
Before the Industrial Revolution, there was an Agricultural Revolution . . .

6. Agricultural Revolution
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Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Agricultural Revolution
Introduction of new crops and a rise in the efficiency of workers, this meant more food could be produced, and thus the agricultural economy could grow. Better food increased the population and contributed to their good health.

7. SECTION 1
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Enclosure Movement

8. profits rose because large fields needed fewer workers
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Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Enclosure Movement - taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers
profits rose because large fields needed fewer workers
farmers left villages in search for work in cities

9. Jethro Tull Seed Drill 1701 D deposited seeds in rows SECTION 1
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Jethro Tull
At this time most grain seed was sown by hand. Field hands carried bags of seeds from which they would grab a handful of seed and broadcast (spread) out over the plowed field. Tull realized that this method was very wasteful, since most of the seeds would be blown away and/or eaten by birds before they ever had a chance to take root.
Frustrated by his inability to develop a more efficient hand-sowing method, Tull turned his attention to devising a mechanized seed drill. In 1701, he invented the horse-drawn seed drill. A rotating cylinder had grooves cut into it to allow seed to pass from the hopper above to a funnel below. The seed was then directed into a channel dug by a plow at the front of the machine, and then covered by a harrow attached to the rear. Although it took several years for English farmers to embrace the machine, Tull's design remained the standard for over a century.
Seed Drill D
deposited seeds in rows
…resulted in farming becoming less labor intensive and allowed farmers to grow crops on a much larger scale.

10. Charles “Turnip” Townshend
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Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Charles “Turnip” Townshend
He found that turnips could be rotated with wheat, barley, clover, and ryegrass to make soil more fertile and increase yields, and thus became known as the man responsible for introducing turnip cultivation into England.
crop rotation

11. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
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Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Other improvements increased production and made farm labor easier…
Iron plows would replace wooden ones.
…plows with a replaceable blade.
By 1800s, many farm workers were forced out and headed to the cities.

12. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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Origins of the Industrial Revolution
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
… is a term used to describe the transformation from an agricultural nation to an industrial nation.

13. Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain?
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Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain?

14. SECTION 1
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Natural Resources - large supply of coal & iron ore

Human Resources - ag. rev. freed many people from farm labor and a population explosion created a large available workforce (1700 = 5 million by 1800 = 9 million) 

New Technology - skilled mechanics in Britain were eager to meet the demands for new, practical inventions 


15. SECTION 1
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Economic Conditions (capital) - wealth to invest in enterprises 

Political Conditions - Britain had a stable govt. that supported economic growth

16. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
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Origins of the Industrial Revolution
The two-step process of spinning and weaving had been done by individuals in their homes, a production method called the cottage industry.

17. James Hargreaves spinning jenny
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Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Changes in the Textile Industry – largest industry in Britain (cloth, fabric)
James Hargreaves spinning jenny

18. Edmund Cartwright water powered loom SECTION 1
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Edmund Cartwright
water
powered loom
When the power loom became efficient, women replaced most men as weavers in the textile factories.
Workers put in a certain numbers of hours each day for a fixed pay.

19. SECTION 1
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Need more cotton!

20. Eli Whitney’s cotton gin
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Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin
While Eli Whitney is best remembered as the inventor of the cotton gin, it is often forgotten that he was also the father of the mass production method. In 1798 he figured out how to manufacture muskets by machine so that the parts were interchangeable. It was as a manufacturer of muskets that Whitney finally became rich. If his genius led King Cotton to triumph in the South, it also created the technology with which the North won the Civil War.

21. Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts
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Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts
While Eli Whitney is best remembered as the inventor of the cotton gin, it is often forgotten that he was also the father of the mass production method. In 1798 he figured out how to manufacture muskets by machine so that the parts were interchangeable. It was as a manufacturer of muskets that Whitney finally became rich. If his genius led King Cotton to triumph in the South, it also created the technology with which the North won the Civil War.

22. Water power had drawbacks . . .
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Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Water power had drawbacks . . .
A more dependable and
portable power supply
was needed!

23. Now it would be used to drive the new spinning & weaving machines!
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Origins of the Industrial Revolution
James Watt would improve the steam engine …
Modern Steam Engine 1769
Now it would be used to drive the new spinning & weaving machines!

24. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Visual Source
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Steam engines allowed factories to be built anywhere.
This meant an increase in railroads to bring resources to and take goods from the new factories.
The Victorians were acutely aware of the power of the image to communicate complex ideas to audiences, and to influence their perceptions of the age in which they lived. The cartoon shown here, an allegory on the significance of steam power in the Victorian era, is a good example of a potent image of this type.

25. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
The building of railroads
became a new job for
farm laborers and peasants.
This less expensive transportation
lowered the price of goods.
More sales meant the need for
more goods, which brought
about more factories.

26. Transportation Revolution
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Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Transportation Revolution
Robert Fulton built the first commercial steamboat, the Clermont (5mph), in 1807.
NYC to Albany, NY
150 miles in 32 hrs
Robert Fulton, successfully built and operated a submarine (in France) in 1801, before turning his talents to the steamboat. Robert Fulton was accredited with turning the steamboat into a commercial success. On August 7, 1807, Robert Fulton's Clermont went from New York City to Albany making history with a 150-mile trip taking 32 hours at an average speed of about 5 miles-per-hour.
“The Clermont”

27. SECTION 1
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
The first public railway line opened in The 32-miles of track went from Liverpool to Manchester, England.
Robert Stephenson’s
“rocket” went 28mph.
Robert Fulton, successfully built and operated a submarine (in France) in 1801, before turning his talents to the steamboat. Robert Fulton was accredited with turning the steamboat into a commercial success. On August 7, 1807, Robert Fulton's Clermont went from New York City to Albany making history with a 150-mile trip taking 32 hours at an average speed of about 5 miles-per-hour.

28. Communications Revolution
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Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Communications Revolution
1844 Samuel Morse - telegraph

29. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
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Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Invention
Function of Invention
Industry
Inventor
seed drill, horse-drawn hoe
planted seeds in straight rows; dug up weeds and broke up soil
Jethro Tull
agriculture
cleaned more cotton in a day than hand laborers could
Eli Whitney
cotton gin
textile
modern steam engine
powered engines for factories and transportation of goods
textile and transportation
James Watt
Samuel Morse
Morse code/telegraph
communication
communication
Edmund Cartwright
water powered loom
increased level of production
textile
Robert Stephenson
locomotive
transportation
transportation