1. Beaver Wars ( )
Incited because Iroquois wanted to expand their territory
One of the bloodiest wars fought in North America.
Everyone moves North to find beavers.
Iroquoi tried to expand territory.
1609: Three tribal chiefs killed by Samuel de Champlain(French Explorer) and a rival tribe.
REAL start of the war in 1640’s when Iroquois began to attack/ raid French colonies
Peace tried to be bartered. Was not successful
Ended with Treaty of Grande Paix in 1701
Fun Fact: The War was caused by the lack of beavers in the South.

2. Connection to Kevin Bacon
Bacon Factor: 2
The main Native American tribe involved in the Beaver Wars was the Iroquois tribe
The Iroquois tribe was the main tribe in the 1950 movie The Iroquois Trail, starring George Montgomery as Hawkeye.
Montgomery also starred in the 1957 movie Street of Sinners
Montgomery co-starred with actor Clifford David in that movie
David stared in the 1991 movie Pyrates
Kevin Bacon starred in Pyrates with David

3. Sorces https://www.raogk.org/military-records/french-iroquois-wars/

4. The Beginning of the End
By: Joseph Shim, Eugin and John Kim

5. Who, What, When, Where and Why?
Who: Wampanoag, Nipmuck, Podunk, Narragansett and Nashaway tribes (led by Metacom) and English (Puritan) settlers
What: Metacom and allied tribes raid English colonial towns and caused a retaliation from the colonists who raided Indian villages
When: June 1675 to August 1676
Where: Southern New England
Why: Encroaching settlers kept taking over native land, Metacom and tribe had to surrender guns. Plymouth officials hung three Wampanoag members.

7. Outcome and Significance/Impact
The English settlers won, and soon captured Philip, severed and paraded his head on a stake around Plymouth
Natives sold into slavery, forced into servitude, and lost their political independence
Took decades for colonists to recover from the expenses for the military, property damage, and loss of life
Stopped the expansion to the West until reinforcements arrived

8. Historical Quote
"This cruel war... was attended by inexpressible calamities, each party making every possible effort for the total overthrow of its antagonist." -James Thatcher 1832
This quote expresses shows how each party (Indians and Colonists) took many casualties and losses that impacted them for decades. After the colonists defeated the Indians, they almost completely exterminated the Wampanoag tribe.

9. Works Cited http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h578.html

10. Matt Kendrick, Michael Fouch Jr, Phenex Clark
Pueblo Indian Revolt vs Spanish Colonists(1680) Santa Fe, New Mexico
-The cause of the conflict was because the Spanish colonizers was pressuring the Pueblo Indians by converting them into Christianity as well as taking there land and killing their people. Then the Spanish colonists pushed too far north and the Pueblo Indians organized an attack back..
-In the end, the Pueblo Indians won the battle killing 400+ spaniards and pushed the spanish off of the indian’s land and because the Pueblo Indians won, this could be one of the reasons we do not speak spanish in the North West and why the Mexican border is not farther north.
Matt Kendrick, Michael Fouch Jr, Phenex Clark

11. Changes that occurred
It made the world realize that Native Americans could not just be pushed around and made to convert to any religion that the Europeans desired them to. This created a resistance inside the Indians spirit, and even though the Spanish came again some years later, there was more of a mergence of their cultures than a domination of the Spanish.
-”If these [returning Pueblo’s wife and child] were not done [the Pueblo indians] would declare war immediately [against the Spaniards]”
This quote helps explain why the Indians decided to declare war against the Spanish, because the Spaniards took Pueblo’s wife and child.

12. Bibliography ancientweb.org/America
gary1/17/13, et al. “The Pueblo Revolt.” The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, 21 Mar. 2012, era/early-settlements/essays/pueblo-revolt.
“The Pueblo Revolt.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service,

13. Paranoia and Sickness: The Salem Witch Trials
Slides By: Rishabh Jain, Sean Sasaki and Ina Almacen

14. When: February May 1693
Location: Salem Village, Massachusetts
Who: A special Massachusetts court in Salem to manage and hear cases of witchcraft, ~ accused
Causes of conflict: Intense belief in the Devil giving people (witches) harmful supernatural powers and frightening behavior reaffirmed by an outbreak of a fungus infection which caused hallucinatory symptoms that doctors could not diagnose, which thus concluded to possession by witchcraft; existing family rivalries also caused people to accuse neighbors of causing the symptoms

15. (14 women, 13 by hanging, 5 others died in prison)
What happened: Almost 200 people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts
Outcome:
Executions of 20 people.
Governor of Massachusetts demanded an end to the trials when his wife was accused of witchcraft.
Hysteria about witches began to die down in the society
Massachusetts General Court eventually declared the witch trials to be unlawful
Significance: One of America’s most notorious cases of mass hysteria, used in reference for later American group hysterias, rising Puritan concerns over state of established belief, New England stratification example
(14 women, 13 by hanging, 5 others died in prison)
The trials ended when the wife of the Massachusetts governor was accused of being a witch and the governor demanded an end to the witch trials. At the same time, the hysteria that witches were causing the problems in Salem also died down, leading to the end of the trials. The Massachusetts General Court eventually declared the witch trials unlawful.

16. Primary Source Quote:
“When a whole people abandons the solid ground of common sense, overleaps the boundaries of human knowledge, gives itself up to wild reveries, and lets loose its passions without restraint, it presents a spectacle more terrific to behold…”
-Charles W. Upham, Salem Witchcraft, With An Account of Salem Village and a History of Opinions on Witchcraft and Kindred Spirits, Vol. 1 of 2 (1867)

17. Works Cited https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_witch_trials
own/MMD2614.html

18. The Zenger Case

19. The Zenger Case
Causes of Conflict: William Cosby (governor of NY) attempts to sue Rip Van Dam (former interim governor of NY). On request from the Morrisites (Rip Van Dam, Lewis Morris and two lawyers), german printer John Peter Zenger begins to publish criticizing articles on William Cosby in order to send him back to England.
What Happened: Zenger is arrested for Libel, and after spending 10 months in jail was tried by the grand jury (who were instructed to find Zenger guilty). Zenger’s lawyer, Hamilton, is able to persuade the jury that the articles against Cosby were true and therefore should not be illegal.
Outcome:The jury found Zenger to be innocent, thus creating the freedom of press, as found in the first amendment. In addition royal governors suppressed the freedom of press until the American Revolution.

20. The Zenger Case
Significance: This case is the foundation of the freedom of press. It was a critical step forward to the valuable freedom of colonists in America. Also, the trial of John Peter Zenger helped revolutionary ideas spread among America and arrange opposition.

21. Citation http://www.ushistory.org/us/7c.asp

22. New York Slave Revolt the longing for freedom
By: Maleah, Gina, and Alex

23. When, What, How, Where, Who, Why
When: April 6, 1712
What happened: about 23 slaves gathered at night and began setting fire to an outhouse at the home of Peter Van Tilburgh. White settlers came to help put out the fire but were stopped by the armed slaved. About 9 white men were killed and 6 were injured. Eventually governor sent the militia to go stop the slaves. Almost all of them were captured except 6 who committed suicide, the rest were tortured and executed.
How: This was made possible because New York had a small community and slaves could communicate to each other because they worked so close together. Therefore they gathered guns, swords and knifes to prepare for this event
Location: New York Colony on Maiden Lane, which was on the northern edge of city.
Who: Instigated by African born slaves. 23 total slaves were involved. White settlers involved as well
Why: Enslaved Africans wanted freedom and not just a life of internal work

24. Cause and Effect
Cause of conflict: Enslaved Africans knew they would spend the rest of their lives having to work. They longed for freedom
Outcome: Strict laws were enforced against the slaves
Significance: White slave owners feared of the uprising of slaves and the New York Assembly attempted to remind slaves that they are not powerful by enforcing strict laws.

25. Letter from Governor Robert Hunter about event:
“I must now give your Lordships an account of a bloody conspiracy of some of the slaves of this place, to destroy as many of the inhabitants as they could....when they had resolved to revenge themselves, for some hard usage they apprehended to have received from their masters (for I can find no other cause),”
Governor Robert Hunter is worried about the cause of the event. He saw that the slaves were restless and seeking freedom. Governor Robert Hunter knows that he must take control before more white slave owners get hurt.

26. Sources

27. By Moshi Durojaiye, Taylor Bone, and Aneesh Karpoor
Stono Rebellion
By Moshi Durojaiye, Taylor Bone, and Aneesh Karpoor

28. Background
Who: A group of slaves lead by an Angola man named Jemmy, revolting against White population
What: A major slave-led revolt against the white population
Where: Charleston, South Carolina (Stono River)
When: September 9th 1739
Why: The slaves called for liberty and equality
How: Marched down the banks of the Stono River, armed with stolen weaponry

30. Causes Significance General mistreatment of slaves
Craving for freedom, equality
Many were attempting an escape to Spanish Florida, where they were granted freedom
Malaria breakout in Charleston weakened many slave owners
School started for Black slaves to learn Christianity
Required that there was one White man for every Black slave on a plantation
Negro Act (1740) stated that Black slaves were banned from assembling with others, farming their own food, and earning money

31. Primary Source
AN ACT FOR THE BETTER ORDERING AND GOVERNING NEGROES AND OTHER SLAVES IN THIS PROVINCE
“Several Negroes did lately rise in rebellion, and did commit many barbarous murders at Stono and other parts adjacent thereto; and whereas, in suppressing the said rebels, several of them were killed and others taken alive and executed; and as the exigence and danger the inhabitants at that time were in an exposed to, would not admit of the formality of a legal trial of such rebellious Negroes"

32. Thank You For Listening
Sources:

33. Bella Briskorn, Vidhya Rao, Vivian Phung
War of Jenkins’ Ear
Bella Briskorn, Vidhya Rao, Vivian Phung

34. When & Where was it?
It lasted from October 22nd October 18th 1748
Major operations ended in 1742
New Granada and the Caribbean; Florida-Georgia; Pacific and Atlantic
Conflict over lands between South Carolina and Florida
6 years after Georgia’s founding, when the colony seemed hopeless

35. What was it? Minor episode in American history
Caused by land claims and acts of shipping piracy
Started by an incident in 1738
Captain Robert Jenkins claimed that the Spanish cut off his ear 1731
British General James Oglethorpe seized ships and began strikes, then held Fort Frederica
1742, Spanish invaded the fort
After several assaults, the two nations agreed on peace
Eventually merged into the War of the Austrian Succession, involving most of the powers of Europe

36. Outcome + Significance
Finally settled in the 1750 Treaty of Madrid
Ended border problems between Spain and Britain
Allowed British trade with Spain
Relations improved the following years
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was created in 1748
“There shall be a Christian, universal and perpetual peace [...] and a sincere and lasting friendship between the eight powers above-mentioned [Great Britain, France, Dutch Republic, Austria, Spain, Sardinia, Modena, Genoa]” (Horn)
Ear became a symbol of pride for England
Minimal to history, but significant to Georgia

37. Citation
The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. “War of Jenkins' Ear.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1 Aug. 2014,
“War of Jenkins' Ear.” New Georgia Encyclopedia,
Worthington, Daryl. “The War of Jenkins' Ear.” New Historian, FB &c Ltd, 8 Apr. 2015,
Castelow, Ellen. “War of Jenkin's Ear.” Historic UK,
“Guerra De La Oreja De Jenkins.” Wikimedia, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guerra_de_la_oreja_de_Jenkins.png.
Horn, D. B. "The Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle.", 1957, History Study Center, .

38. Bacon’s Rebellion, how Jamestown was Almost Taken Over Forever
By: Jack Evers, Casey Schielke, and Zach Powell

39. Background Information
Berkeley refused to protect Virginians from Native American attacks
Berkeley prevented the colonists from retaliating
Rebellion burned down Jamestown, Virginia
Rebellion unified different races and economic classes

40. Who/When/Where Nathaniel Bacon Governor Sir William Berkeley
Indentured Servants/lower class
Upper class of Virginia
Native Americans
Jamestown, Virginia
Other parts of Virginia

41. Causes of the Conflict
Berkeley refused to provide protection from Native American attacks
Berkeley did not allow the westward movement of colonists
The poor white farmers were on the front line as a “buffer” against Native American attacks
Berkeley gave special privileges to the upper class

42. Outcomes/Significance/Impacts
Rebellion was defeated and destroyed
Berkeley hanged 20 rebels
Upper class made laws so poor whites and slaves did not work together

43. Primary Sources
“Representing a landed elite, they dominated the Virginia assembly and began to enact legislation to advance and protect their class interest. They passed laws that extended the time of indentured servitude for whites” (58).
“Bacon had unleashed an armed interracial ‘giddy multitude’ that threatened the very foundations of social order in Virginia” (60).