1. Introduction to phonetics and English phonology: Consonants, part 2
Uttalslära
Introduction to phonetics and English phonology:
Consonants, part 2

2. Types of consonants • Plosives (stops) • Nasals • Fricatives
• Affricates
• Semi-vowels
• Laterals
• Frictionless continuants

3. The consonants of English 1
Voiceless Voiced
Fricatives /f/ fan /v/ van
/s/ so /z/ zoo
/ʃ/ shore /ʒ/ vision
/θ/ thin /ð/ then
/h/ hat
Plosives /p/ pet /b/ bag
/k/ kite /g/ bag
/t/ take /d/ dog
Nasals /m/ men
/n/ men
/ŋ/ sing

4. The consonants of English 2
Voiceless Voiced
Affricates /tʃ/ church /dʒ/ judge
Semi-vowels /w/ well
/j/ yes
Lateral /l/ long
Frictionless continuant /r/ rose

5. Nasals
When producing a nasal, we let the air flow through the nose instead of the mouth.
English has three nasals, all of them voiced.

6. /m/ as in me Examples: summer /'sʌmə(r)/ Always voiced in English....
....but what about Swedish?

7. /n/ as in not
Pronunciation: the tip of the tongue not touching the teeth
“n” is mute in words with -mn:
condemn /kən'dem/
hymn /hım/
damn /dæm/

8. /ŋ/ as in king The spelling “ng” is sometimes pronounced
/ŋ/ and sometimes /ŋg/
herring /'herıŋ/
singing /'sıŋıŋ/
angry /'æŋgrı/
hunger /'hʌŋgə(r)/

9. Affricates Consist of a plosive followed by a fricative.
English has two affricates; one voiced and one voiceless.

10. /tʃ/ as in church The plosive /t/ is followed by the fricative /ʃ/
Spellings: ch
cheese /tʃi:z/
China /'tʃaınə/
children /'tʃıldrən/

11. /ʃ/ versus /tʃ/ sheep /ʃi:p/ cheap /tʃi:p/ ship /ʃıp/ chip /tʃıp/
Charlotte /'ʃɑ:(r)lət/ Charles /tʃɑ:lz/
Talk is not sheep!

12. Pronunciations of ch /tʃ/ in most words
/ʃ/ in champagne, chauffeur, Chicago, parachute
/k/ in chaos, chemistry, echo, epoch
Mute in yacht /jɒt||jɑ:t/

13. /dʒ/ as in judge Spellings: j, g, ge
geography /dʒı'ɒgrəfı||dʒı'ɑ:grəfı/
jeans /dʒi:nz/
jam /dʒæm/
ridge /rıdʒ/

14. /dʒ/ versus /tʃ/
judge /'dʒʌdʒ/ church /tʃɜ:(r)tʃ/

15. /dʒ/ versus /g/ ginger /'dʒındʒə(r)/ giggle /'gig(ə)l/
urgent /'ɜ:(r)dʒənt/ target /'tɑ(r):gıt/
gentle /'dʒent(ə)l/ giddy /'gıdı/

16. Semi-vowels
Produced like vowels, without any obstruction of the oral cavity, but behave like consonants.
English has two semi-vowels, both voiced.

17. /w/ as in well
The letter w is mute in words beginning with wr- and in names ending in -wich, -wick.
wring /rıŋ/
Warwick /'wɒrık || 'wɔ:rık/
sword /sɔ:(r)d/

18. /j/ as in yes Spelling: y, eu, u, ue, ui
The letter “j” is never pronounced /j/!
unit /'ju:nıt/
Europe /'ju:rəp/

19. /dʒ/ versus /j/ use (noun) /ju:s/ juice /dʒu:s/
your /jɔ:(r)/ jaw /dʒɔ:/

20. /l/ as in all A lateral consonant Two realisations: clear and dark
In RP, /l/ is clear before vowels and /j/, dark in other positions including at the end of a word. In GA, /l/ is always more or less dark.

21. Linda Wilson will perhaps be on television
/l/ as in all
Clear l: lip, less, fully, halyard
Dark l: tall, world, help, humble
Linda Wilson will perhaps be on television c d d c

22. /l/ as in all Clear and dark /l/ – sound examples
“leap, play, pool” (clear, clear, dark)
“play, play” (first clear, then dark)

23. /l/ as in all
The letter l is mute in some words with -alf, -alk, -alm, -olk
Examples:
calf /kɑ:f || kæf/
chalk /tʃɔ:k/
calm /kɑ:m/
yolk /jəʊk/
Also mute in salmon, Stockholm, colonel.

24. /r/ as in rose
A fricative in Swedish. In English it is a frictionless continuant.
In RP, final r is only pronounced before a vowel. In GA, /r/ occurs in all positions.

25. /r/ as in rose
Linking /r/ occurs in RP when a word with a final r is followed by a vowel.
Examples: far away, your answer, War and Peace
Compare: before long before everyone

26. /r/ as in rose
Intrusive /r/ occurs in RP in some positions where there is no r in the spelling. Used to prevent hiatus (vokalmöte).
Examples:
Asia and Africa /'eıʃər ən 'æfrikə/
law and order /lɔ:r ən 'ɔ:də/
drawing /'drɔ:rıŋ/

27. /θæŋk ju: fə 'lısənıŋ/!