1. -The Study of Sound Structure 영어교육과 김계홍 서효정 김재희 염지혜 전효숙
Chapter 4. Phonology
-The Study of Sound Structure
영어교육과 김계홍
서효정
김재희
염지혜
전효숙

2. What is phonology? The study of a sound system of language
( the ways which speech sounds form
systems and patterns)
*Phonetics : the production and perception
of speech sounds

3. Phoneme Distinctive features
The phonological system of a language includes
1) an inventory of sounds and their features,
2) rules which specify how sounds interact with each other
Phoneme
Distinctive features
Main studying parts

4. What is a feature? /t/ /d/ alveolar stop voiceless alveolar stop
voiced

5. Distinctive features A feature which distinguishes
one phoneme from another.
ex) fine vs. vine
/f/, /v/ => phoneme
[±voice] => distinctive features

6. Distinctive features : /t/, /d/
alveolar stop + high front vowel
/t/ , /d/ /i/ , /j/
Don`t You
= > palatalization
/tš / /dž /
Don`t you
=> coronal sounds

7. Distinctive features : /k/
velar stop high front vowel
/k/ /i/ , /j/
k ey/i/
= > palatalization
key / cute
height and backness characterize /k/

8. 114p. Table 4.1
Distinctive feature composition of English consonants

9. minus value (-)
: the absence
of the feature
plus value (+)
: the presence
of the feature

10. Distinctive features
The most basic unit of phonological structure that may be analyzed in phonological theory.
어떤 개체를 다른 것과 구별하고 기술하기 위해
사용하는 특성
[ ] ; [+nasal]

11. [+syllabic] Head (or peak) of a syllable. vowels
Syllabic consonant : (+) m, n, l, r
(예) Kitten

12. [+consonantal] Formed in the vocal tract with an obstruction.
glides : [-consonantal]

13. [+sonorant]
Produced with a vocal tract cavity in which spontaneous voicing is possible.
Vowels, glides, liquids, nasals
[-sonorant] → obstruents

14. [+continuant] Made without a complete blockage of the oral cavity.
Nasals : [-continuant]

15. [+strident]
The high-frequency turbulent noise in fricatives and affricates.
/s/ : [+strident]
/θ/ : [-strident]

16. [+distributed]
The relative length of contact that the tongue makes along the roof of the mouth.
/ʃ/ : [+distributed]
/s/ : [-distributed]

17. [+labial] [+round] (예) /b/ in bead /bid/ Closing of the lips
/f/, /b/, /m/
Pulsing of the lips
/w/
(예) /b/ in bead /bid/

18. [+coronal]
The blade of the tongue is raised toward or touched the teeth, the alveolar, or an area along the back of the alveolar ridge.
Dental ~ alveolar palatal (74p.)

19. [+anterior] Made in front of the alveolar palatal position.
Labial ~ Alveolar

20. 116p. Table 4.2
Distinctive feature composition of English vowel

21. [+tense]
Associated with a more extreme articulatory gesture than its [-tense] counterpart.
(예) /i/ and /I/

22. 118p. Phonemes as group of distinctive feature
[+coronal]
[+lateral]
[+affricate]
[+distributed]
(예) Navajo

23. 119p. Table 4.3 English, Navajo, Ganda, Japanese

24. To conclude… Distinctive feature is available to all languages;
not all features and combinations of features are found in each individual language.

25. Rules for plural endings /z/
phonemic level
(morpheme)
[z]
[s]
[z]
phonetic level
(allomorphs)
[-sibilant] voiced
ex) voiced oral stops,
nasals, glides,
liquids, /v/
if [+strident, +coronal],
then /i/ epenthesis
ex) sibilants
[-sibilant] voiceless
ex) voiceless oral stops,
/f/

26. Rules only for plural endings? /z/
The above rules also apply to :
third person possessive
ex) John’s [z], Dick’s [s], Butch’s [z]
third person present singular verb agreement
ex) runs, hits, pushes
contraction of the verb is
ex) John’s coming, Dick’s coming, Butch’s coming

27. Natural Class Natural class : the grouping of phonemes used
to state some organizing principle of
phonological regularities that share
some distinctive features
ex1) The class of phonemes that take the [z] ending is
the class of [+strident, +coronal] or [+sibilant] consonants
ex2) ‘Aspiration’ rule occurs in /p, t, k/ which are
the class of [-voiced, -continuant] consonants
ex3) /p, s, l, g/ : cannot be described as a class,
since these don’t have any set of distinctive features
that include them and exclude all others

28. Assimilation Amharic : the vowel [i] is a variant of the vowel //
After [-back, +high] consonants, this variant vowel
occurs, since it shares [-back, +high] features unlike
the vowel // which has [+back, -high] features
→ (progressive) assimilation
ex) In English, plural endings
third person possessives
third person present singular verb agreements
past endings ( /d/ → [d], [t], [d] )
cf) regressive assimilation : in-(imperfect, incredible), have to
reciprocal assimilation : get you, defend you, would you

29. Syllable Structure Syllable(=) Onset Rhyme Nucleus Coda (Peak)
up to three consonants
(maximal onset principle)
Nucleus
(Peak)
Coda
up to four consonants
Vowels, syllabic consonants(m, n, l, r)

30. Syllabification How to syllabify an intervocalic consonant
- preceding or following syllable?
1. stressed lax vowel
nev-er, cam-el, wom-an, cit-y
2. stressed tense vowel
a-pa, pa-per, wa-ter, o-ver
3. Obscure vowel
re-ceive, se-vere, a-bout, a-go, a-pa

31. – Maximal Onset Principle
Phonotactics
– Maximal Onset Principle
How to syllabify intervocalic consonant clusters
- maximal onset principle & phonotactics
ex) construct – how to syllabify ‘nstr’
English has maximal onset principle and this principle
requires that three consonants(‘str’ in this case) form
the onset of a syllable. → con-struct
/p/
(approximants)
glides /j, w/ or
/s/ +
/t/ +
liquids /r, l/
/k/

32. Patterns of Prominence (Stress)
Syllables in English words vary in emphasis, length and pitch
Foot : to understand the role of stress and its patterns of occurrences
syllables > phonemes
feet > syllables
Metrical feet as units of prominence and timing

33. Patterns of Prominence (Stress) - Types of Feet
a) F b) F c) F
σ σ σ σ σ σ
unary binary ternary
Every leftmost syllable in a foot carries some degree of stress

34. Patterns of Prominence (Stress) - Linking Vowels to Foot Structure
The lexical form of words consists of full vowels and reduced vowels (ə , ɨ)
The leftmost branch is always associated with a full vowel.
A single reduced vowel - in the nucleus of the right-hand syllable of a binary foot
Two reduced vowels - in the nuclei of the two rightmost syllables of a ternary foot

35. Patterns of Prominence (Stress) - Linking Vowels to Foot Structure
F F F F F
σ σ σ σ σ  σ  σ  σ 
kae tə mə ɹaen aen tɪ sɨ peɪt

36. Patterns of Prominence (Stress) - Tense Vowels and English Foot Structure
Vowel Sequence Condition When two vowels are adjacent in an English word, the first vowel must be tense (or long) Word-Final Vowel Condition only reduced, tense ( or long), and short low vowels can appear in word-final position ->a long vowel appearing in the right branch of a metrical foot must always satisfy one of the above conditions

37. Patterns of Prominence (Stress) - Tense Vowels and English Foot Structure
F F
σ   σ   σ  σ   σ    
mɑ toʊ ɹeɪ di oʊ
motto : oʊ in word-final position (satisfies 2nd)
radio : /i/ precedes another vowel (satisfies1st)
oʊ in word-final position (satisfies 2nd)

38. Evidence for the metrical structure of motto - English Flap Rule
The English stops /t/ and /d/ are flapped
between vowels that are contained
in the same metrical foot.

39. Evidence for the metrical structure of motto - English Flap Rule
F F F
σ σ σ σ σ σ
ae ɼɨ  tud ɛ  ɼɨ  ɼɚ
motto [mɑɼoʊ] = alveolar stop is not between vowels in two unary feet but between vowels in a single binary feet.

40. F F σ σ σ σ σ ə baʊ t t ən eɪ ʃɨs
The leftmost syllable of a foot always contains a full vowel .
Only unfooted, unstressed vowel
can be at the beginning of a word
F F σ σ σ σ σ ə baʊ t t ən eɪ ʃɨs

41. The role of metrical feet in English Phonology
1. The variability of length in vowels
- Does English have both long & short sets in tense vowel?
ex) Fifi
2. /Λ ɪ ɝ/ vs /ə ɨ ɚ/
- Bubba /bΛb ə/ - chicken /ʧ ɪk ɨn/
- murmur /m ɝm ɚ/

42. 3. Changes in foot structure as a source of changes in pronunciation
F F F
σ σ → σ σ
ʤ ɪm næst ʤ ɪm nɨst

43. # English tone pattern → Low-High-Low
# The high tone links with the most strongly stressed syllable in the word and the low tones spread to any available syllable to the right or left

44. Catalogue unravel underneath
H L L L H L L L H
Catalogue unravel underneath