1. Unit 1: Structure & Function
Basic Terminology
A. Anatomy – the study of body structure (ana = up, tomy/tomo = to cut)
1. gross – large
2. microscopic – at the cellular or tissue level
B. Physiology – the study of body function (physio = function, ology = study of)
Does structure determine function or does function determine structure?

2. II. Levels of Organization (structural)
A. Atoms – smallest unit of matter
B. Molecules – made of atoms
C. Cells – smallest unit of living matter
D. Tissues – similar cells with common function
E. Organs – 2 or more tissues with specific function
F. Organ Systems – group of organs with a common purpose

4. Organ Systems
1. Integumentary – protection (skin)
2. Skeletal – support & protection; hematopoiesis – formation of blood cells
3. Muscular – movement

5. 4. Nervous – respond “quickly” to external & internal stimuli
5. Endocrine – responds “slower” to external & internal stimuli (glands & hormones)
6. Circulatory – transport & delivery (cardiovascular & lymphatic)

6. 7. Respiratory – supply O2 and remove CO2
8. Digestive – breakdown of food

7. 9. Urinary (excretory) – elimination of body waste,
9. Urinary (excretory) – elimination of body waste, regulate water & salt balance and blood pH
10. Reproductive – produce offspring

8. III. Life Functions
A. Maintaining Boundaries (external & internal) – integumentary & cell membranes
B. Movement – muscular, skeletal, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, respiratory
C. Responsiveness – nervous and endocrine
D. Digestion – digestive & cardiovascular
E. Metabolism = all chemical reactions in the body (anabolism - building up, catabolism - breaking down) – digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine
F. Excretion – digestive and urinary
G. Reproduction – reproductive; regulated by hormones of the endocrine system
H. Growth – size & number of cells

9. IV. Survival Needs (in appropriate amounts)
A. Nutrients – energy; carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, & minerals
B. Oxygen – 20% of air
C. Water – 60-80% of body weight
D. Body Temperature - 37°C (98°F), most generated by activity of skeletal muscles
E. Atmospheric Pressure – breathing depends on appropriate atm pressure

10. V. Homeostasis
“dynamic equilibrium”
nervous & endocrine systems
A. Control Mechanisms –
receptor  control center  effector most negative – shut off or decrease stimulus
B. Negative Feedback Examples
1. O2, CO2, glucose, etc. concentrations in the blood
2. Blood pressure
3. Heart rate
4. Breathing/Respiratory rate
C. Positive Feedback Examples
1. Childbirth
2. Blood clotting
How is the concept of homeostasis (or its loss) related to disease and aging?

12. VI. Language of Anatomy
A. Anatomical Position
B. Directional Terms
1. Superior/Inferior (Cephalad/Caudal) – top/bottom
2. Anterior/Posterior (Ventral/Dorsal) – front/back

13. 3. Medial/Intermediate/Lateral – middle to side in relation
3. Medial/Intermediate/Lateral – middle to side in relation to midsagittal plane
4. Proximal/Distal – near/far in relation to the trunk or point of origin

14. 5. Superficial/Deep – toward or away from
5. Superficial/Deep – toward or away from body surface; often used to reference incisions, cuts, or skin

15. The gallbladder is located just below the liver
The gallbladder is located just below the liver. The directional terms that best describe this relationship include:
Inferior/Caudal

16. The kidneys are located behind the other abdominal organs
The kidneys are located behind the other abdominal organs. This relationship may be described as:
Posterior/Dorsal

17. The tips of the fingers and toes are farthest from the origin of these digits, so they are said to be the most:
Distal

18. The entrance to the stomach is nearest the point of origin or beginning of the stomach, so this part is said to be:
Proximal

19. The ears are located away from the midsagittal plane or toward the side, so they are describe as being:
Lateral

20. The head of the pancreas is nearer the midsagittal plane than its tail portion, so the head part is more:
Medial

21. The diaphragm is above the abdominal organs, so it may be described as:
Superior

22. C. Body Planes and Sections
1. Sagittal – lengthwise/vertical – left & right half
2. Midsagittal – down the middle – equal left & right halves
3. Frontal – vertical dividing anterior & posterior
4. Transverse – cross/horizontal – upper & lower half
5. Oblique – at an angle

24. D. Regional Terms
1. Axial – Head & trunk
cepahlic – head
cranial – skull
occipital – posterior head
facial – face

25. frontal – forehead orbital/ophthalmic – eye
buccal – cheek zygomatic – cheek
temporal – side of skull
nasal – nose oral – mouth
cervical – neck
cutaneous – skin
deltoid – curve of shoulder
scapular – shoulder blade
supraclaviclar – area above clavicle

26. mammary – breast
thoracic – chest
abdominal – anterior torso below diaphragm
naval/umbilical – area around naval
inguinal - groin
lumbar – back between ribs & hips
pubic - genital
pelvic – lower portion of torso
gluteal - buttocks

27. 2. Appendicular – appendages (arms & legs)
axillary – armpit
brachial – arm
antecubital – front of elbow
cubital – elbow
antebrachial – forearm (elbow to wrist)
carpal – wrist
palmer – palm
digital/phalangeal – fingers/toes

28. femoral – thigh
patellar – knee
popliteal – area behind knee
crural – leg
sural – calf – back of lower leg
tarsal – ankle
pedal – foot
plantar – sole of foot

30. E. Body Cavities
1. Dorsal
a. cranial
b. spinal/vertebral
2. Ventral
a. thoracic (diaphragm)
1. mediastinum – in between lungs; heart
2. pleural – lungs
b. abdominopelvic
1. abdominal
2. pelvic

32. F. Abdominal Body Divisions
describe location
1. Quadrants – URQ, ULQ, LRQ, LLQ (navel)

33. 2. Regions –
a. epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric
b. right hypochondriac, right lumbar, right iliac/inguinal
c. left hypochondriac, left lumbar, left iliac/inguinal

34. Billy had an appendectomy
Billy had an appendectomy. The area of the abdomen in which the appendix is located is in the lower right side and is known as:
Right iliac

35. Jessica had a history of gallstones
Jessica had a history of gallstones. The operation to remove these stones involved the upper right part of the abdominal cavity or the:
Right hypochondriac

36. Kelsey was injured in an automobile accident
Kelsey was injured in an automobile accident. In addition to a number of fractures, she suffered a ruptured urinary bladder. The area involved, in the lower midline part of the abdomen, was the:
Hypogastric

37. Eddie required an extensive exploratory operation that necessitated incision through the naval. This portion of the abdomen is the:
Umbilical