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Unit 1: Structure & Function
Basic Terminology A. Anatomy – the study of body structure (ana = up, tomy/tomo = to cut) 1. gross – large 2. microscopic – at the cellular or tissue level B. Physiology – the study of body function (physio = function, ology = study of) Does structure determine function or does function determine structure?
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II. Levels of Organization (structural)
A. Atoms – smallest unit of matter B. Molecules – made of atoms C. Cells – smallest unit of living matter D. Tissues – similar cells with common function E. Organs – 2 or more tissues with specific function F. Organ Systems – group of organs with a common purpose
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Organ Systems 1. Integumentary – protection (skin) 2. Skeletal – support & protection; hematopoiesis – formation of blood cells 3. Muscular – movement
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4. Nervous – respond “quickly” to external & internal stimuli
5. Endocrine – responds “slower” to external & internal stimuli (glands & hormones) 6. Circulatory – transport & delivery (cardiovascular & lymphatic)
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7. Respiratory – supply O2 and remove CO2
8. Digestive – breakdown of food
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9. Urinary (excretory) – elimination of body waste,
9. Urinary (excretory) – elimination of body waste, regulate water & salt balance and blood pH 10. Reproductive – produce offspring
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III. Life Functions A. Maintaining Boundaries (external & internal) – integumentary & cell membranes B. Movement – muscular, skeletal, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, respiratory C. Responsiveness – nervous and endocrine D. Digestion – digestive & cardiovascular E. Metabolism = all chemical reactions in the body (anabolism - building up, catabolism - breaking down) – digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine F. Excretion – digestive and urinary G. Reproduction – reproductive; regulated by hormones of the endocrine system H. Growth – size & number of cells
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IV. Survival Needs (in appropriate amounts)
A. Nutrients – energy; carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, & minerals B. Oxygen – 20% of air C. Water – 60-80% of body weight D. Body Temperature - 37°C (98°F), most generated by activity of skeletal muscles E. Atmospheric Pressure – breathing depends on appropriate atm pressure
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V. Homeostasis “dynamic equilibrium” nervous & endocrine systems A. Control Mechanisms – receptor control center effector most negative – shut off or decrease stimulus B. Negative Feedback Examples 1. O2, CO2, glucose, etc. concentrations in the blood 2. Blood pressure 3. Heart rate 4. Breathing/Respiratory rate C. Positive Feedback Examples 1. Childbirth 2. Blood clotting How is the concept of homeostasis (or its loss) related to disease and aging?
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VI. Language of Anatomy A. Anatomical Position B. Directional Terms 1. Superior/Inferior (Cephalad/Caudal) – top/bottom 2. Anterior/Posterior (Ventral/Dorsal) – front/back
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3. Medial/Intermediate/Lateral – middle to side in relation
3. Medial/Intermediate/Lateral – middle to side in relation to midsagittal plane 4. Proximal/Distal – near/far in relation to the trunk or point of origin
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5. Superficial/Deep – toward or away from
5. Superficial/Deep – toward or away from body surface; often used to reference incisions, cuts, or skin
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The gallbladder is located just below the liver
The gallbladder is located just below the liver. The directional terms that best describe this relationship include: Inferior/Caudal
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The kidneys are located behind the other abdominal organs
The kidneys are located behind the other abdominal organs. This relationship may be described as: Posterior/Dorsal
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The tips of the fingers and toes are farthest from the origin of these digits, so they are said to be the most: Distal
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The entrance to the stomach is nearest the point of origin or beginning of the stomach, so this part is said to be: Proximal
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The ears are located away from the midsagittal plane or toward the side, so they are describe as being: Lateral
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The head of the pancreas is nearer the midsagittal plane than its tail portion, so the head part is more: Medial
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The diaphragm is above the abdominal organs, so it may be described as:
Superior
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C. Body Planes and Sections
1. Sagittal – lengthwise/vertical – left & right half 2. Midsagittal – down the middle – equal left & right halves 3. Frontal – vertical dividing anterior & posterior 4. Transverse – cross/horizontal – upper & lower half 5. Oblique – at an angle
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D. Regional Terms 1. Axial – Head & trunk cepahlic – head cranial – skull occipital – posterior head facial – face
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frontal – forehead orbital/ophthalmic – eye
buccal – cheek zygomatic – cheek temporal – side of skull nasal – nose oral – mouth cervical – neck cutaneous – skin deltoid – curve of shoulder scapular – shoulder blade supraclaviclar – area above clavicle
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mammary – breast thoracic – chest abdominal – anterior torso below diaphragm naval/umbilical – area around naval inguinal - groin lumbar – back between ribs & hips pubic - genital pelvic – lower portion of torso gluteal - buttocks
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2. Appendicular – appendages (arms & legs)
axillary – armpit brachial – arm antecubital – front of elbow cubital – elbow antebrachial – forearm (elbow to wrist) carpal – wrist palmer – palm digital/phalangeal – fingers/toes
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femoral – thigh patellar – knee popliteal – area behind knee crural – leg sural – calf – back of lower leg tarsal – ankle pedal – foot plantar – sole of foot
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E. Body Cavities 1. Dorsal a. cranial b. spinal/vertebral 2. Ventral a. thoracic (diaphragm) 1. mediastinum – in between lungs; heart 2. pleural – lungs b. abdominopelvic 1. abdominal 2. pelvic
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F. Abdominal Body Divisions
describe location 1. Quadrants – URQ, ULQ, LRQ, LLQ (navel)
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2. Regions – a. epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric b. right hypochondriac, right lumbar, right iliac/inguinal c. left hypochondriac, left lumbar, left iliac/inguinal
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Billy had an appendectomy
Billy had an appendectomy. The area of the abdomen in which the appendix is located is in the lower right side and is known as: Right iliac
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Jessica had a history of gallstones
Jessica had a history of gallstones. The operation to remove these stones involved the upper right part of the abdominal cavity or the: Right hypochondriac
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Kelsey was injured in an automobile accident
Kelsey was injured in an automobile accident. In addition to a number of fractures, she suffered a ruptured urinary bladder. The area involved, in the lower midline part of the abdomen, was the: Hypogastric
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Eddie required an extensive exploratory operation that necessitated incision through the naval. This portion of the abdomen is the: Umbilical
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